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  2. Hepatocellular carcinoma - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatocellular_carcinoma

    In 2007, sorafenib, an oral multikinase inhibitor, was the first systemic agent approved for first-line treatment of advanced HCC. [76] Trials have found modest improvement in overall survival: 10.7 months vs 7.9 months and 6.5 months vs 4.2 months. [77] [76] The most common side effects of Sorafenib include a hand-foot skin reaction and ...

  3. Pembrolizumab - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembrolizumab

    Micrograph showing a PD-L1 positive non-small cell lung carcinoma. PD-L1 immunostain. As of 2019, pembrolizumab is used via intravenous infusion to treat inoperable or metastatic melanoma, metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in certain situations, as a first-line treatment for metastatic bladder cancer in patients who cannot receive cisplatin-based chemotherapy and have high levels ...

  4. Tumor marker - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor_marker

    For example, tumor markers like Ki-67 can be used to choose form of treatment or in prognostics but are not useful to give a diagnosis, while other tumor markers have the opposite functionality. Therefore it's important to follow the guidelines of the specific tumor marker. Tumor markers are mainly used in clinical medicine to support a ...

  5. Liver cancer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_cancer

    The most frequent liver cancer, accounting for approximately 75% of all primary liver cancers, is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). [15] HCC is a cancer formed by liver cells, known as hepatocytes, that become malignant. In terms of cancer deaths, worldwide HCC is considered the 3rd most common cause of cancer mortalities. [16]

  6. Mantle cell lymphoma - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantle_cell_lymphoma

    Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, comprising about 6% of cases. [1] [2] It is named for the mantle zone of the lymph nodes where it develops.[3] [4] The term 'mantle cell lymphoma' was first adopted by Raffeld and Jaffe in 1991.

  7. Cancer stem cell - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_stem_cell

    The cancer stem cell model, also known as the Hierarchical Model proposes that tumors are hierarchically organized (CSCs lying at the apex [6] (Fig. 3).) Within the cancer population of the tumors there are cancer stem cells (CSC) that are tumorigenic cells and are biologically distinct from other subpopulations [7] They have two defining features: their long-term ability to self-renew and ...

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