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The stalling angle of attack is less in ground effect, by approximately 2–4 degrees, than in free air. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] When the flow separates there is a large increase in drag. If the aircraft overrotates on take-off at too low a speed the increased drag can prevent the aircraft from leaving the ground.
November 1963: Trans-Canada Air Lines Flight 831 – All 118 on board a Trans-Canada Airlines DC-8-54F were killed, when the plane crashed 5 minutes after takeoff near Montreal, leaving a crater in the ground. Impact speed was over 500 mph. Investigators found the pitch trim compensator actuator was in the extended position and the horizontal ...
American Airlines Flight 191 was a regularly scheduled domestic passenger flight from O'Hare International Airport in Chicago to Los Angeles International Airport.On the afternoon of May 25, 1979, the McDonnell Douglas DC-10 operating this flight was taking off from runway 32R at O'Hare International when its left engine detached from the wing, causing a loss of control.
259 + 11 on ground Terrorist bomb in the forward luggage hold 1989-02-24 United Airlines Flight 811: Hawaii, United States Boeing 747: Dirt on microswitch/short circuit 9 Cargo door opened (electrical fault), causing surrounding structure to fail leaving large hole; landed safely 1989-09-08 Partnair Flight 394: 18 km north of Hirtshals, Denmark
Investigators considered several possible causes for the structural breakup: structural failure and decompression, detonation of a high-energy explosive device such as a missile warhead exploding either upon impact with the airplane or just before impact, a bomb exploding inside the airplane or a fuel-air explosion in the center-wing fuel tank.
The resultant forces caused the engines to separate from the aircraft, and it slammed into the ground 14 seconds later. Air Transat Flight 961, an Airbus A310, on 6 March 2005, catastrophic structural failure: the rudder detached from the aircraft with a loud bang and the aircraft began a dutch roll. The pilots regained enough lateral control ...
Alaska Airlines Flight 261 was a scheduled international passenger flight from Licenciado Gustavo Díaz Ordaz International Airport in Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico, to Seattle–Tacoma International Airport in Seattle, Washington, United States, with an intermediate stop at San Francisco International Airport in San Francisco, California.
This caused the aircraft to break up in mid air and crash into the water, killing all 102 people on board. [ 28 ] 7 March 2007 – Garuda Indonesia Flight 200 : poor crew resource management and the failure to extend the flaps led the aircraft to land at an "unimaginable" speed and run off the end of the runway after landing.