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Pre-eclampsia affects 2–8% of pregnancies worldwide. [4] [17] [12] Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (which include pre-eclampsia) are one of the most common causes of death due to pregnancy. [6] They resulted in 46,900 deaths in 2015. [7] Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after 32 weeks; however, if it occurs earlier it is associated with worse ...
Eclampsia, like pre-eclampsia, tends to occur more commonly in first pregnancies than subsequent pregnancies. [38] [39] [40] Women who have long term high blood pressure before becoming pregnant have a greater risk of pre-eclampsia. [38] [39] Patients who have gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia have an increased risk of eclampsia. [41]
The genetic roots of gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia are certain, as women with a family history of the condition are three times more likely to develop it when they are pregnant. [25] One of the potential causes of gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia is when the trophoblast does not invade far enough into the uterine lining. [26]
Estrogen mediates this rise in cardiac output by increasing the pre-load and stroke volume, mainly via a higher overall blood volume (which increases by 40–50%). [22] The heart rate increases, but generally not above 100 beats/ minute. Total systematic vascular resistance decreases by 20% secondary to the vasodilatory effect of progesterone.
Being or becoming overweight in pregnancy increases the risk of complications for mother and fetus, including cesarean section, gestational hypertension, pre-eclampsia, macrosomia and shoulder dystocia. [102] Excessive weight gain can make losing weight after the pregnancy difficult. [102] [106] Some of these complications are risk factors for ...
The 18th century marked the beginning of many advances in European midwifery, based on better knowledge of the physiology of pregnancy and labour. [84] By the end of the century, medical professionals began to understand the anatomy of the uterus and the physiological changes that take place during labour. [85]
Risk factors include smoking, pre-eclampsia, prior abruption (most important and predictive risk factor), trauma during pregnancy, cocaine use, and previous cesarean section. [2] [1] Diagnosis is based on symptoms and supported by ultrasound. [1] It is classified as a complication of pregnancy. [1]
Aortocaval compression syndrome, also known as supine hypotensive syndrome, is compression of the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava by the gravid uterus when a pregnant woman lies on her back, i.e. in the supine position.