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European colonial powers sought natural resources in African colonies and needed the requisite labor force to extract them and simultaneously build the colonial city around these industries. Because Europeans viewed native bodies as degenerate and in need of taming, violence was necessary to create a submissive laborer. [ 28 ]
The Scramble for Africa [a] was the invasion, conquest, and colonisation of most of Africa by seven Western European powers driven by the Second Industrial Revolution during the late 19th century and early 20th century in the era of "New Imperialism": Belgium, France, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, Portugal and Spain.
[52] [53] Sometimes boundaries were naturally occurring, like rivers or mountains, but other times these borders were artificially created and agreed upon by colonial powers. The Berlin Conference of 1884 systemized European colonization in Africa and is frequently acknowledged as the genesis of the Scramble for Africa. The Conference ...
The conference effectively divided Africa among the European powers. Vast regions of Africa came under the sway of Britain, France, Germany, Portugal, Belgium, Italy and Spain. [9] [10] Gilmartin argues that these three waves of colonialism were linked to capitalism.
The European powers set up a variety of different administrations in Africa, reflecting different ambitions and degrees of power. In some areas, such as parts of British West Africa , colonial control was tenuous and intended for simple economic extraction, strategic power, or as part of a long-term development plan.
The European powers were content to establish trading posts along the coast while they were actively exploring and colonizing the New World. Exploration of the interior of Africa was thus mostly left to the Muslim slave traders , who in tandem with the Muslim conquest of Sudan established far-reaching networks and supported the economy of a ...
The following is a list of European colonies in Africa, organized alphabetically by the colonizing country. France had the most colonies in Africa with 35 colonies followed by Britain with 32. [ 1 ]
Colonial power Morocco: 1912 France [1] Libya: 1911 Italy [2] Fulani Empire: 1903 France and the United Kingdom: Swaziland: 1902 United Kingdom [3] Ashanti Confederacy: 1900 United Kingdom: Burundi: 1893 Germany [4] Nri Kingdom: 1911 United Kingdom: Kingdom of Benin: 1897 United Kingdom: Bunyoro: 1899 United Kingdom: Dahomey: 1894 France ...