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  2. Quantization of the electromagnetic field - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantization_of_the...

    The energy content of this volume element at 5 km from the station is 2.1 × 1010 × 0.109 = 2.3 × 10 −11 J, which amounts to 3.4 × 10 14 photons per (). Since 3.4 × 10 14 > 1, quantum effects do not play a role. The waves emitted by this station are well-described by the classical limit and quantum mechanics is not needed.

  3. Annus mirabilis papers - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annus_Mirabilis_papers

    Table of contents of the journal Annalen der Physik for the issue of June 1905. Einstein's paper on the photoelectric effect is sixth on this list. The article "Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt" ("On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light") [einstein 1] received 18 March and published 9 June ...

  4. Photoelectric effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect

    [citation needed] Even if the photoelectric effect is the favoured reaction for a particular interaction of a single photon with a bound electron, the result is also subject to quantum statistics and is not guaranteed. The probability of the photoelectric effect occurring is measured by the cross section of the interaction, σ. This has been ...

  5. Einstein coefficients - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein_coefficients

    In atomic, molecular, and optical physics, the Einstein coefficients are quantities describing the probability of absorption or emission of a photon by an atom or molecule. [1] The Einstein A coefficients are related to the rate of spontaneous emission of light, and the Einstein B coefficients are related to the absorption and stimulated ...

  6. Photon - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon

    In the case that the photon has mass, the mass term ⁠ 1 / 2 ⁠ m 2 A μ A μ would affect the galactic plasma. The fact that no such effects are seen implies an upper bound on the photon mass of m < 3 × 10 −27 eV/c 2. [37] The galactic vector potential can also be probed directly by measuring the torque exerted on a magnetized ring. [38]

  7. Planck postulate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck_postulate

    In 1905, Albert Einstein adapted the Planck postulate to explain the photoelectric effect, but Einstein proposed that the energy of photons themselves was quantized (with photon energy given by the Planck–Einstein relation), and that quantization was not merely a feature of microscopic oscillators.

  8. Photoemission electron microscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoemission_electron...

    Photoelectric effect Schematic illustration of the photoemission process. Using Einstein's method, the following equations are used: energy of photon = energy needed to remove an electron + kinetic energy of the emitted electron = + where h is the Planck constant;

  9. Ultraviolet catastrophe - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet_catastrophe

    Einstein's photon had an energy proportional to its frequency and also explained an unpublished law of Stokes and the photoelectric effect. [5] This published postulate was specifically cited by the Nobel Prize in Physics committee in their decision to award the prize for 1921 to Einstein.