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The discipline of anatomy can be subdivided into a number of branches, including gross or macroscopic anatomy and microscopic anatomy. [10] Gross anatomy is the study of structures large enough to be seen with the naked eye, and also includes superficial anatomy or surface anatomy, the study by sight of the external body features.
Biology portal; Medicine portal; Anatomical model – Three-dimensional representation of human or animal anatomy; Body image – Aesthetic perception of one's own body; Cell physiology – Study of cell activity; Comparative anatomy – Study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species
Biology is the scientific study of life. [1] [2] [3] It is a natural science with a broad scope but has several unifying themes that tie it together as a single, coherent field. [1] [2] [3] For instance, all organisms are composed of at least one cell that processes hereditary information encoded in genes, which
[2] [3] As a subdiscipline of biology, physiology focuses on how organisms, organ systems, individual organs, cells, and biomolecules carry out chemical and physical functions in a living system. [4] According to the classes of organisms , the field can be divided into medical physiology , animal physiology , plant physiology , cell physiology ...
As the atria do not have valves at their inlets, [2] a venous pulsation is normal, and can be detected in the jugular vein as the jugular venous pressure. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Internally, there are the rough pectinate muscles , and the crista terminalis of His , which act as a boundary inside the atrium and the smooth-walled part of the right atrium ...
These structures form the anatomical basis of the electrocardiogram, whose inventor, Willem Einthoven, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology in 1924. [98] The first heart transplant in a human ever performed was by James Hardy in 1964, using a chimpanzee heart, but the patient died within 2 hours. [99]
Exercise physiology is the physiology of physical exercise. It is one of the allied health professions , and involves the study of the acute responses and chronic adaptations to exercise. Exercise physiologists are the highest qualified exercise professionals and utilise education, lifestyle intervention and specific forms of exercise to ...