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[14]: 103–104 In the 19th century, Philippine ports opened to world trade and shifts started occurring within Filipino society. [15] [16] In 1808, when Joseph Bonaparte became king of Spain, the liberal constitution of Cadiz was adopted, giving the Philippines representation in the Spanish Cortes. However, once the Spanish overthrew the ...
The history of the Philippines from 1565 to 1898 is known as the Spanish colonial period, during which the Philippine Islands were ruled as the Captaincy General of the Philippines within the Spanish East Indies, initially under the Viceroyalty of New Spain, based in Mexico City, until the independence of the Mexican Empire from Spain in 1821.
Material prosperity at the start of 19th century produced an enlightened middle class in the Philippines, consisting of well-to-do farmers, teachers, lawyers, physicians, writers, and government employees. Many of them were able to buy and read books originally withheld from the lowly Filipino class.
The Ilustrados "enlightened ones" constituted the Filipino educated class during the Spanish colonial period in the late 19th century. Mostly based outside the Philippines, they helped mold the flame of a united Filipino nationalism and identity in the islands. Almost all previous insurgencies were tribal, provincial and regional in nature.
Year Date Event Source c.200 AD The Maitum Jars are anthropomorphic jars that were depicting children (head is the lead of the jar with ears and the body was the jar itself with hands and feet as the handle) with perforations in red and black colors, had been used as a secondary burial jars in Ayub Cave, Pinol, Maitum Sarangani province, each of the jars had a "facial expression".
The American government—officially secular, hostile to continued Spanish control of much of the land of the now-American colony, and long hostile to Catholics—negotiated a settlement with the Church handing over its land. The 1902 Philippine Organic Act was a constitution for the Insular Government, as the U.S. civil administration was ...
The Ilustrados (Spanish: [ilusˈtɾaðos], "erudite", [1] "learned" [2] or "enlightened ones" [3]) constituted the Filipino intelligentsia (educated class) during the Spanish colonial period in the late 19th century. [4] [5] Elsewhere in New Spain (of which the Philippines were part), the term gente de razón carried a similar meaning.
From the 18th century until the latter half of the 19th century, Spanish authorities came to depend upon the mestizos de sangley as the bourgeoisie of the colonial economy. From their concentration in Binondo, Manila, the mestizos de sangley migrated to Central Luzon, Cebu, Iloilo, Negros and Cavite to handle the domestic trade of the islands.