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Toluene is also found in cigarette smoke and car exhaust. If not in contact with air, toluene can remain unchanged in soil or water for a long time. [39] Toluene is a common solvent, e.g. for paints, paint thinners, silicone sealants, [40] many chemical reactants, rubber, printing ink, adhesives (glues), lacquers, leather tanners, and ...
Fuel additives in the United States are regulated under section 211 of the Clean Air Act (as amended in January 1995). The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requires the registration of all fuel additives which are commercially distributed for use in highway motor vehicles in the United States, [8] and may require testing and ban harmful additives.
Toluene can be used as an octane booster in gasoline fuels used in internal combustion engines. Toluene at 86% by volume fueled all the turbo Formula 1 teams in the 1980s, first pioneered by the Honda team. The remaining 14% was a "filler" of n-heptane, to reduce the octane to meet Formula 1 fuel restrictions.
Heat capacity c p gas: 103,6 J/(mol K) Liquid properties Std enthalpy change of formation Δ f H o liquid +12.0 kJ/mol Standard molar entropy S o liquid: 220.96 J/(mol K) Heat capacity c p: 155.96 J/(mol K) Gas properties Std enthalpy change of formation Δ f H o gas +50.00 kJ/mol Standard molar entropy S o gas? J/(mol K) Heat capacity c p: 103 ...
Some chemical compounds made from petroleum are also obtained from other fossil fuels, such as coal or natural gas, or renewable sources such as maize, palm fruit or sugar cane. The two most common petrochemical classes are olefins (including ethylene and propylene) and aromatics (including benzene, toluene and xylene isomers).
In the petroleum refining and petrochemical industries, the initialism BTX refers to mixtures of benzene, toluene, and the three xylene isomers, all of which are aromatic hydrocarbons. The xylene isomers are distinguished by the designations ortho – (or o –), meta – (or m –), and para – (or p –) as indicated in the adjacent diagram.
The Solar Buddy has become a cult hit among parents who say it's easy to get their kiddos to wear sunscreen. "This has been a great add to our diaper bag," said one five-star reviewer. "We live in ...
Gas stations have gasoline with different octane ratings. Higher numbers indicate that the fuel can better avoid unintended combustions within the cylinders of the engine. Due to its name, the chemical "octane" is often misunderstood as the only substance that determines the octane rating (or octane number) of a fuel.