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  2. Black Codes (United States) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)

    The Black Codes, sometimes called the Black Laws, were laws which governed the conduct of African Americans (both free and freedmen).In 1832, James Kent wrote that "in most of the United States, there is a distinction in respect to political privileges, between free white persons and free colored persons of African blood; and in no part of the country do the latter, in point of fact ...

  3. Reconstruction era - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_era

    Men worked as rail workers, rolling and lumber mills workers, and hotel workers. Black women were largely confined to domestic work employed as cooks, maids, and child nurses, or in hotels and laundries. The large population of slave artisans during the prewar period did not translate into a large number of free artisans during Reconstruction. [21]

  4. Jim Crow laws - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws

    During the Reconstruction era of 1865–1877, federal laws provided civil rights protections in the U.S. South for freedmen, African Americans who were former slaves, and the minority of black people who had been free before the war.

  5. Civil rights movement (1865–1896) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865...

    Freedmen voting in New Orleans, 1867. Reconstruction lasted from Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation of January 1, 1863 to the Compromise of 1877. [1] [2]The major issues faced by President Abraham Lincoln were the status of the ex-slaves (called "Freedmen"), the loyalty and civil rights of ex-rebels, the status of the 11 ex-Confederate states, the powers of the federal government needed to ...

  6. Negro Republican Party - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro_Republican_Party

    One method of Black participation in the Republican Party at the time included involvement in the "Union Leagues," Republican political organizations formed in the South in 1867 during the Reconstruction Era to promote Black political activity and civil rights (named after the organizations of the same name formed in the North during the Civil ...

  7. Slave codes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_codes

    At the start of the American Civil War in 1861, there were 34 states in the United States, 15 of which were slave states, all of which had slave codes. The 19 free states did not have slave codes, although they still had laws regarding slavery and enslaved people, covering such issues as how to handle slaves from slave states, whether they were ...

  8. Black Reconstruction in America - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Reconstruction_in...

    After three short chapters profiling the black worker, the white worker, and the planter, Du Bois argues in the fourth chapter that the decision gradually taken by slaves on the Southern plantations to stop working during the war was an example of a potential general strike force of four million slaves the Southern elite had not reckoned with.

  9. African American founding fathers of the United States

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_founding...

    According to Professors Jeffrey K. Tulis and Nicole Mellow: [11]. The Founding, Reconstruction (often called “the second founding”), and the New Deal are typically heralded as the most significant turning points in the country’s history, with many observers seeing each of these as political triumphs through which the United States has come to more closely realize its liberal ideals of ...