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Cotton paper is typically graded as 25%, 50%, or 100% cotton. Usually it can be checked by holding the cotton paper up to the light and looking just below the watermark for a number. 100% cotton paper may contain small amounts of acids, and should be tested or certified before use for archival documents.
Cotton rag paper is generally recommended for printing kallitypes, [2] although multiple paper types will lead to satisfactory results. [3] Gloves should be worn during coating and when handling sensitizer as the sensitizer chemicals can be quite toxic .
Early paper in Massachusetts was, as was common in Europe, made from cotton and linen rags. [1] As the 18th century progressed, the demand for printed books was increasingly met by local printers, so the demand for paper increased and rags became scarce. [1] One paper manufacturer in Massachusetts even issued paper with a "Save Rags' watermark. [1]
The first paper mills relied solely on rag paper production, with cotton rags generally imported from Europe. However, by the mid-19th century the sulfite process had begun to proliferate in other regions with better access to wood pulp, and by 1880, America had become the largest producer of paper goods in the world.
Often, cotton rag paper is used for archival purposes, as it is not made from wood-based pulp. Thus, "archival paper" is sometimes broken down into two categories: [citation needed] Conservation-grade—acid-free, buffered paper made from wood-based pulp. Archival-grade (also Museum-grade)—cotton rag paper made from cotton pulp.
Recycling of used paper before the industrialisation of paper production, rag paper was recycled to make low-grade board. A process for removing printing inks from recycled paper was invented by German jurist Justus Claproth in 1774. [2] He practiced together with German paper producer Johann Engelhard Schmid. Today this method is called deinking.