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  2. Polyvalency (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvalency_(chemistry)

    Fig. 1. Electron sharing in multivalent atomic binding. The dots and crosses represent the outer electrons of the two different species in each molecule. In ammonia (a), N is connected to three H atoms and is trivalent. In carbon tetrachloride (b), C is connected to four Cl atoms and is tetravalent.

  3. Molecular binding - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_binding

    Molecular binding is an attractive interaction between two molecules that results in a stable association in which the molecules are in close proximity to each other. It is formed when atoms or molecules bind together by sharing of electrons.

  4. Binding energy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binding_energy

    The electron binding energy derives from the electromagnetic interaction of the electron with the nucleus and the other electrons of the atom, molecule or solid and is mediated by photons. Among the chemical elements, the range of ionization energies is from 3.8939 eV for the outermost electron in an atom of caesium to 11.567617 keV for the ...

  5. Bonding molecular orbital - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonding_molecular_orbital

    The MO diagram for dihydrogen. In the classic example of the H 2 MO, the two separate H atoms have identical atomic orbitals. When creating the molecule dihydrogen, the individual valence orbitals, 1s, either: merge in phase to get bonding orbitals, where the electron density is in between the nuclei of the atoms; or, merge out of phase to get antibonding orbitals, where the electron density ...

  6. Bonding in solids - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonding_in_solids

    In particular, the binding energies of these interactions vary widely. Bonding in solids can be of mixed or intermediate kinds, however, hence not all solids have the typical properties of a particular class, and some can be described as intermediate forms .

  7. Force spectroscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_spectroscopy

    Force spectroscopy is a set of techniques for the study of the interactions and the binding forces between individual molecules. [1] [2] These methods can be used to measure the mechanical properties of single polymer molecules or proteins, or individual chemical bonds.

  8. AOL

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    The search engine that helps you find exactly what you're looking for. Find the most relevant information, video, images, and answers from all across the Web.

  9. Wannier function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wannier_function

    The Wannier functions for different lattice sites in a crystal are orthogonal, allowing a convenient basis for the expansion of electron states in certain regimes. Wannier functions have found widespread use, for example, in the analysis of binding forces acting on electrons.