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Plant disease triangle. Epidemiology is the study of factors affecting the outbreak and spread of infectious diseases. [10] A disease triangle describes the basic factors required for plant diseases. These are the host plant, the pathogen, and the environment. Any one of these can be modified to control a disease. [11]
Plant diseases are diseases in plants caused by pathogens (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological factors). [1] Organisms that cause infectious disease include fungi , oomycetes , bacteria , viruses , viroids , virus -like organisms, phytoplasmas , protozoa , nematodes and parasitic plants . [ 2 ]
Findings supporting border crossing for plant viruses into the invertebrate and vertebrate worlds [12] [13] Controlling the virus is important for pepper production worldwide, but recent research shows that this plant disease may be transmitted to humans. [14] [15] PMMoV is an indicator of fecal pollution in the environment.
Viroids are small single-stranded, circular RNAs that are infectious pathogens. [1] [2] Unlike viruses, they have no protein coating.All known viroids are inhabitants of angiosperms (flowering plants), [3] and most cause diseases, whose respective economic importance to humans varies widely. [4]
Plant viruses are viruses that have the potential to affect plants. Like all other viruses, plant viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that do not have the molecular machinery to replicate without a host. Plant viruses can be pathogenic to vascular plants ("higher plants").
Many phytoplasma-infected plants develop a bushy or "witches' broom" appearance due to changes in their normal growth patterns. Most plants exhibit apical dominance, but infection can trigger the proliferation of axillary (side) shoots and a reduction in internode size. [8] Such symptoms are actually useful in the commercial production of ...
P. insidiosum is different from other members of the genus in that human and horse hair, skin, and decaying animal and plant tissue are chemoattractants for its zoospores. [2] Additionally, it is the only member in the genus known to infect mammals, while other members are pathogenic to plants and are responsible for some well-known plant diseases.
Clubroot is a common disease of cabbages, broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, radishes, turnips, stocks, wallflowers and other plants of the family Brassicaceae (Cruciferae). [1] It is caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae , [ 2 ] which was once considered a slime mold but is now put in the group Phytomyxea . [ 3 ]