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For example, a death threat is a type of speech act and is considered to exist outside of the protection of freedom of speech as it is treated as a criminal act.
In English, for example, the interrogative is supposed to indicate that the utterance is (intended as) a question; the directive indicates that the utterance is (intended as) a directive illocutionary act (an order, a request, etc.); the words "I promise" are supposed to indicate that the utterance is (intended as) a promise.
For example, false advertising can be punished and misleading advertising may be prohibited. [28] Commercial advertising may be restricted in ways that other speech can't if a substantial governmental interest is advanced, and such restriction supports that interest as well as not being overly broad. [29]
Speech Act Theory is a subfield of pragmatics that explores how words and sentences are not only used to present information, but also to perform actions. [2] As an utterance, a locutionary act is considered a performative , in which both the audience and the speaker must trust certain conditions about the speech act.
Examples of perlocutionary acts include persuading, convincing, scaring, enlightening, inspiring, or otherwise affecting the interlocutor. The perlocutionary effect of an utterance is contrasted with the locutionary act , which is the act of producing the utterance, and with the illocutionary force , which does not depend on the utterance's ...
However, when the speaker varies their speech intentionally, for example to indicate sarcasm, this usually involves the use of prosodic features. The most useful prosodic feature in detecting sarcasm is a reduction in the mean fundamental frequency relative to other speech for humor, neutrality, or sincerity.
Speech is the subject of study for linguistics, cognitive science, communication studies, psychology, computer science, speech pathology, otolaryngology, and acoustics. Speech compares with written language, [1] which may differ in its vocabulary, syntax, and phonetics from the spoken language, a situation called diglossia.
Figures of speech come in many varieties. [7] The aim is to use the language imaginatively to accentuate the effect of what is being said. A few examples follow: "Round and round the rugged rocks the ragged rascal ran" is an example of alliteration, where the consonant r is used repeatedly.