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Lymphoproliferative disorders are a set of disorders characterized by the abnormal proliferation of lymphocytes into a monoclonal lymphocytosis. The two major types of lymphocytes are B cells and T cells , which are derived from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow .
Diagram of a typical long bone showing both cortical (compact) and cancellous (spongy) bone. Haversian canals [i] (sometimes canals of Havers, osteonic canals or central canals) are a series of microscopic tubes in the outermost region of bone called cortical bone. They allow blood vessels and nerves to travel through them to supply the osteocytes.
Lymphocytosis is an increase in the number or proportion of lymphocytes in the blood.Absolute lymphocytosis is the condition where there is an increase in the lymphocyte count beyond the normal range while relative lymphocytosis refers to the condition where the proportion of lymphocytes relative to white blood cell count is above the normal range.
These B cells resemble normal lymphocytes under the microscope, although slightly smaller, and are fragile when smeared onto a glass slide, giving rise to many broken cells, which are called "smudge" or "smear" cells and can indicate the presence of the disease. [38]
Although lymphocytes are usually considered mature, as seen in blood tests, they are certainly not inert. Lymphocytes can travel around the body wherever there is a need. When such needs arise, new rounds of downstream lymphopoiesis, such as cell multiplication and differentiation, may occur, accompanied by intense mitotic and metabolic activity.
Light microscopic image of bone marrow showing stromal macrophages containing numerous red blood cells in their cytoplasm. The blood count typically shows decreased numbers of blood cells—including a decreased number of circulating red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. The bone marrow may show hemophagocytosis. The liver function ...
Diameter of canaliculi in human bone is approximately 200 to 900 nm. [1] In bovine tibia diameter of canaliculi was found to vary from 155 to 844 nm (average 426 nm). [ 2 ] In mice humeri it varies from 80 to 710 nm (average 259 nm), while diameter of osteocytic processes varies from 50 to 410 nm (average 104 nm).
The comparatively rarer BLS I, also called "HLA class I deficiency" is associated with TAP2, TAP1, or TAPBP deficiencies. [8] TAP (Transporter associated with antigen processing) proteins are involved in pumping degraded cytosolic peptides across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane so they can bind to HLA class I.