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The project makes all sequence data publicly available through GenBank, an international, NIH-funded, searchable online database.This research helps to provide international researchers with the information needed to develop new vaccines, therapies and diagnostics, as well as improve understanding of the overall molecular evolution of Influenza and other genetic factors that determine their ...
PLINK/SEQ is an open-source C/C++ library designed for analyzing large scale whole-genome and whole-exome studies. MQFAM is a multivariate test of association (MQFAM) that can be efficiently applied to large population-based samples and is implemented in PLINK.
Since its establishment as an alternative to sharing avian influenza data [16] via conventional public-domain archives, [17] GISAID has facilitated the exchange of outbreak genome data [17] during the H1N1 pandemic [18] [19] in 2009, the H7N9 epidemic [20] [21] in 2013, the COVID-19 pandemic [22] [23] and the 2022–2023 mpox outbreak. [24]
Influenza B virus is almost exclusively a human pathogen, and is less common than influenza A. The only other animal known to be susceptible to influenza B infection is the seal. [47] This type of influenza mutates at a rate 2–3 times lower than type A [48] and consequently is less genetically diverse, with only one influenza B serotype. [26]
C++ based molecule editor and visualizer for in computational chemistry, molecular modeling, bioinformatics, materials science, and related areas. Linux, macOS, Unix, Windows: 3-Clause BSD License: Open Chemistry Project: BEDtools "Genome arithmetic"—manipulation of coordinate sets and the extraction of sequences from a BED file. Linux: MIT
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 (A/H5N1) is a subtype of the influenza A virus, which causes influenza (flu), predominantly in birds. It is enzootic (maintained in the population) in many bird populations, and also panzootic (affecting animals of many species over a wide area). [1]
Further analysis of HA has shown it to have a very small effective population size relative to the census size of the virus population, as expected for a gene undergoing strong positive selection. [44] However, across the influenza genome, there is surprisingly little variation in effective population size; all genes are nearly equally low. [45]
Influenza viruses A and B are estimated to have diverged from a single ancestor around 4,000 years ago, while the ancestor of influenza viruses A and B and the ancestor of influenza virus C are estimated to have diverged from a common ancestor around 8,000 years ago. [40] Outbreaks of influenza-like disease can be found throughout recorded history.