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The first MPR nozzles, the MP Rotator, were produced by Nelson Irrigation in 2003, and acquired by Hunter Industries in 2007. [4] [5] [6] Since then the popularity of these highly uniform yet low application sprinklers has caused every major sprinkler manufacturer to produce their own version of an MPR sprinkler, including Rain Bird [7] and Toro.
The irrigation requirement depends on the rooting depth of the crops, which determines their capacity to make use of the water stored in the soil after winter. Having a shallow rooting system, pastures need irrigation to an amount of about half of the storage depletion in summer.
Irrigation scheduling is the process used by irrigation system managers to determine the correct frequency and duration of watering. The following factors may be taken into consideration: Precipitation rate of the irrigation equipment – how quickly the water is applied, often expressed in inches or mm per hour.
[2] The inaccuracy of the equation is exacerbated by extreme variants of weather. In particular evapotranspiration is known to be exaggerated by up to 40% in calm, humid, clouded areas and depreciated by 60% in windy, dry, sunny areas.
Distribution uniformity or DU in irrigation is a measure of how uniformly water is applied to the area being watered, normally expressed as percentage, and not to be confused with efficiency. [1] The distribution uniformity is often calculated when performing an irrigation audit. The DU should not be confused with the coefficient of uniformity ...
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The hydraulic calculation procedure is defined in the applicable reference model codes such as that published by the US-based National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), [2] or the EN 12845 standard, Fixed firefighting system – Automatic sprinkler systems – Design, installation and maintenance.
Crop Evapotranspiration—Guidelines for Computing Crop Water Requirements. FAO Irrigation and drainage paper 56. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 92-5-104219-5