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The imperial examination was a civil service examination system in Imperial China administered for the purpose of selecting candidates for the state bureaucracy.The concept of choosing bureaucrats by merit rather than by birth started early in Chinese history, but using written examinations as a tool of selection started in earnest during the Sui dynasty [1] (581–618), then into the Tang ...
Obtaining the juren degree through the civil examination pathway was a difficult process, with competition notably increasing during the Ming dynasty. [12] By 1630, there were approximately 49200 candidates from across China competing for 1279 juren degrees, with only 2.6% of candidates successfully obtaining the degree. [ 12 ]
The county office was the lowest level of civil state administration during the Ming era, overseeing an area with approximately 40,000 inhabitants. [e] It was led by three senior officials (官; guan): the county magistrate, his vice magistrate, and an assistant magistrate.
The numbers of jinshi degrees given out were increased in the Song dynasty, and the examinations were given every three years. Most senior officials of the Song dynasty were jinshi holders. [4] The Ming dynasty resumed the civil-service exam after its occurrence became more irregular in the Yuan dynasty.
The eight-legged essay format did not become prevalent as a standard essay in the civil service examination until early Ming dynasty, when the composition of the essay was clearly specified. [ 1 ] [ 4 ] In the seventeenth century, Gu Yanwu stated that this form of essay-writing became standardized precisely during the 15th century, when the ...
A 15th-century portrait of the Ming official Jiang Shunfu.The cranes on his mandarin square indicate that he was a civil official of the sixth rank. A Qing photograph of a government official with mandarin square embroidered in front A European view: a mandarin travelling by boat, Baptista van Doetechum, 1604 Nguyễn Văn Tường (chữ Hán: 阮文祥, 1824–1886) was a mandarin of the ...
The Ming dynasty continued the Yuan tusi chiefdom system. The Ming tusi were categorized into civil and military ranks. [61] The civilian tusi were given the titles of Tu Zhifu ("native prefecture"), Tu Zhizhou ("native department") and Tu Zhixian ("native county") according to the size and population of their domains.
Scholar-official as a concept and social class first appeared during the Warring States period; before that, the Shi and Da Fu were two different classes.During the Western Zhou dynasty, the Duke of Zhou divided the social classes into the king, feudal lords, Da Fu, Shi, ordinary people, and slaves.