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In software testing, a cause–effect graph is a directed graph that maps a set of causes to a set of effects. The causes may be thought of as the input to the program, and the effects may be thought of as the output. Usually the graph shows the nodes representing the causes on the left side and the nodes representing the effects on the right side.
Directed acyclic graph – Directed graph with no directed cycles; Negative feedback – Reuse of output to stabilize a system; Path analysis (statistics) – Statistical term; Positive feedback – Feedback loop that increases an initial small effect; Strange loop – Cyclic structure that goes through several levels in a hierarchical system
Causal graphs can be used for communication and for inference. They are complementary to other forms of causal reasoning, for instance using causal equality notation. As communication devices, the graphs provide formal and transparent representation of the causal assumptions that researchers may wish to convey and defend.
A causal diagram consists of a set of nodes which may or may not be interlinked by arrows. Arrows between nodes denote causal relationships with the arrow pointing from the cause to the effect. There exist several forms of causal diagrams including Ishikawa diagrams, directed acyclic graphs, causal loop diagrams, [10] and why-because graphs (WBGs
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A funnel plot is a scatterplot of treatment effect against a measure of study precision. It is used primarily as a visual aid for detecting bias or systematic heterogeneity . A symmetric inverted funnel shape arises from a ‘well-behaved’ data set, in which publication bias is unlikely.
The problem of solving parity games can be polynomial-time reduced to solving mean payoff games. [7] Solving mean payoff games can be shown to be polynomial-time equivalent to many core problems concerning tropical linear programming. [8] Another closely related game to the mean payoff game is the energy game, in which the Maximizer tries to ...
The result of a WBA is a why–because graph (WBG), a type of causal notation used to represent interdependencies within a system. The WBG depicts causal relations between factors of an accident. It is a directed acyclic graph where the nodes of the graph are factors. Directed edges denote cause–effect relations between the factors.