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Special cases are called the real line R 1, the real coordinate plane R 2, and the real coordinate three-dimensional space R 3. With component-wise addition and scalar multiplication, it is a real vector space. The coordinates over any basis of the elements of a real vector space form a real coordinate space of the same dimension as that of the ...
In mathematics, real projective space, denoted or (), is the topological space of lines passing through the origin 0 in the real space +. It is a compact , smooth manifold of dimension n , and is a special case G r ( 1 , R n + 1 ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {Gr} (1,\mathbb {R} ^{n+1})} of a Grassmannian space.
A pseudo-Euclidean space is an affine space with an associated real vector space equipped with a non-degenerate quadratic form (that may be indefinite). A fundamental example of such a space is the Minkowski space, which is the space-time of Einstein's special relativity. It is a four-dimensional space, where the metric is defined by the ...
The field of complex numbers gives complex coordinate space C n. The a + bi form of a complex number shows that C itself is a two-dimensional real vector space with coordinates (a,b). Similarly, the quaternions and the octonions are respectively four- and eight-dimensional real vector spaces, and C n is a 2n-dimensional real vector space.
A n-dimensional complex linear space is also a 2n-dimensional real linear space. Topological spaces are of analytic nature. Open sets , given in a topological space by definition, lead to such notions as continuous functions , paths, maps; convergent sequences, limits ; interior, boundary, exterior.
In mathematics, an n-sphere or hypersphere is an -dimensional generalization of the -dimensional circle and -dimensional sphere to any non-negative integer . The circle is considered 1-dimensional, and the sphere 2-dimensional, because the surfaces themselves are 1- and 2-dimensional respectively, not because they ...
The n dimensional real projective space is the quotient of the n sphere by the antipodal map. It follows that its Euler characteristic is exactly half that of the corresponding sphere – either 0 or 1. The n dimensional torus is the product space of n circles. Its Euler characteristic is 0, by the product property.
The fundamental example of a linear complex structure is the structure on R 2n coming from the complex structure on C n.That is, the complex n-dimensional space C n is also a real 2n-dimensional space – using the same vector addition and real scalar multiplication – while multiplication by the complex number i is not only a complex linear transform of the space, thought of as a complex ...