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Multiple system atrophy is estimated to affect approximately 5 per 100,000 people. At autopsy, many patients diagnosed during life with Parkinson's disease are found actually to have MSA, suggesting that the actual incidence of MSA is higher than that estimate. [ 4 ]
In multiple system atrophy, autonomic dysfunction appears earlier and is more severe, [39] and is accompanied by uncoordinated movements, while visual hallucinations and fluctuating cognition are less common than in DLB. [150] Urinary difficulty is one of the earliest symptoms with multiple system atrophy, and is often severe. [70]
They include multiple system atrophy (MSA), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and corticobasal degeneration (CBD). Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), may or may not be part of the PD spectrum, but it is increasingly recognized as the second-most common type of neurodegenerative dementia after Alzheimer's disease.
There are three main types of synucleinopathy: Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and multiple system atrophy (MSA). [1] Other rare disorders, such as various neuroaxonal dystrophies, also have α-synuclein pathologies. [2]
Nervous system: pupillary defect, exaggerated hippus, dizziness or lightheadedness. Other areas: hypoglycemia unawareness, genital impotence, sweat disturbances, sicca (dryness). Absence of signs of cerebellar dysfunction or parkinsonian symptoms as the presence of either would indicate the more serious disease of multiple system atrophy.
Upper motor neuron lesions occur in the brain or the spinal cord as the result of stroke, multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, cerebral palsy, atypical parkinsonisms, multiple system atrophy, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Clinically subcortical dementia usually is seen with features like slowness of mental processing, forgetfulness, impaired cognition, lack of initiative-apathy, depressive symptoms (such as anhedonia, negative thoughts, loss of self-esteem and dysphoria), loss of social skills along with extrapyramidal features like tremors and abnormal movements.
Pure autonomic failure originates from peripheral autonomic nervous system lesions. [6] The diagnosis of pure autonomic failure relies on the absence of other neurologic abnormalities, specifically Parkinsonism, cognitive impairment, cerebellar ataxia, or tremors, and on compatible clinical features of subtle, progressive pan autonomic failure ...