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Such an extension at the bottom of a letter is called a tail. It may be specified as left or right depending on which direction it turns, as in ɳ right-tail n , ɻ right-tail turned r , ɲ left-tail n , ʐ tail z (or just retroflex z ), etc. Note that ŋ is called eng or engma , ɱ meng , and ꜧ heng .
The fortis–lenis contrast may be transcribed as a gemination contrast ([pː tː kː fː sː ʃː xː] or [pp tt kk ff ss ʃʃ xx] vs [p t k f s ʃ x]). The fortis–lenis contrast may be transcribed as [p t k f s ʃ x] vs [b̥ d̥ ɡ̊ v̥ z̥ ʒ̊ ɣ̊] , that is, the lenes are marked with the IPA diacritic for voicelessness.
When the IPA is used for broad phonetic or for phonemic transcription, the letter–sound correspondence can be rather loose. The IPA has recommended that more 'familiar' letters be used when that would not cause ambiguity. [13] For example, e and o for [ɛ] and [ɔ], t for [t̪] or [ʈ], f for [ɸ], etc.
The characters in the "Spacing Modifier Letters" block are intended as forming a unity with the preceding letter (which they "modify"). E.g. the character U+02B0 ʰ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL H isn't intended simply as a superscript h (h), but as the mark of aspiration placed after the letter being aspirated, as in pʰ "aspirated voiceless bilabial ...
In other words, the sound that most English speakers think of as /t/ is really a group of sounds, all pronounced slightly differently depending on where they occur in a word. A perfectly phonemic orthography has one letter per group of sounds (phoneme), with different letters only where the sounds distinguish words (so "bed" is spelled ...
Another example in English of a phonemic contrast would be the difference between leak and league; the minimal difference of voicing between [k] and [g] does lead to the two utterances being perceived as different words. On the other hand, an example that is not a phonemic contrast in English is the difference between [sit] and [siːt]. [1]
In Welsh, the digraph ll fused for a time into a ligature.. A digraph (from Ancient Greek δίς (dís) 'double' and γράφω (gráphō) 'to write') or digram is a pair of characters used in the orthography of a language to write either a single phoneme (distinct sound), or a sequence of phonemes that does not correspond to the normal values of the two characters combined.
There is a hypothesis that the contrast between fortis and lenis consonants is related to the contrast between voiceless and voiced consonants. That relation is based on sound perception as well as on sound production, where consonant voice, tenseness and length are only different manifestations of a common sound feature.