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The fusion of two benzene rings gives rise to a third large family of organic compounds. Analogs of the previously mentioned heterocycles for this third family of compounds are acridine, dibenzothiophene, carbazole, and dibenzofuran, respectively. Heterocyclic organic compounds can be usefully classified based on their electronic structure. The ...
[1] [2] Simple aromatic rings can be heterocyclic if they contain non-carbon ring atoms, for example, oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur. They can be monocyclic as in benzene, bicyclic as in naphthalene, or polycyclic as in anthracene. Simple monocyclic aromatic rings are usually five-membered rings like pyrrole or six-membered rings like pyridine.
Heteroarenes are aromatic compounds, where at least one methine or vinylene (-C= or -CH=CH-) group is replaced by a heteroatom: oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur. [3] Examples of non-benzene compounds with aromatic properties are furan, a heterocyclic compound with a five-membered ring that includes a single oxygen atom, and pyridine, a heterocyclic compound with a six-membered ring containing one ...
Two different resonance forms of benzene (top) combine to produce an average structure (bottom). In organic chemistry, aromaticity is a chemical property describing the way in which a conjugated ring of unsaturated bonds, lone pairs, or empty orbitals exhibits a stabilization stronger than would be expected from conjugation alone.
This group typically excludes compounds in which either benzene is fused to another ring (bicyclic, tricyclic, polycyclic) [1] or includes a heteroatom, or where the methane connects to three or four benzenes. Ball-and-stick model of the benzhydryl radical. The benzhydryl radical can be abbreviated Ph 2 CH• or Bzh. [2]
Adding another benzene ring to form dibenzo[c,g]phenanthrene creates steric hindrance between the two extreme hydrogen atoms. [17] Adding two more rings on the same sense yields heptahelicene in which the two extreme rings overlap. [18] These non-planar forms are chiral, and their enantiomers can be isolated. [19]
A homocycle or homocyclic ring is a ring in which all atoms are of the same chemical element. [1] A heterocycle or heterocyclic ring is a ring containing atoms of at least two different elements, i.e. a non-homocyclic ring. [2] A carbocycle or carbocyclic ring is a homocyclic ring in which all of the atoms are carbon. [3]
In commercial applications, the alkylating agents are generally alkenes, some of the largest scale reactions practiced in industry.Such alkylations are of major industrial importance, e.g. for the production of ethylbenzene, the precursor to polystyrene, from benzene and ethylene and for the production of cumene from benzene and propene in cumene process: