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The perfect indicative active tense is the third principal part given in Latin dictionaries. In most verbs it uses a different stem from the present tense; for example, the perfect tense of dūcō 'I lead' is dūxī 'I led'. 1st conjugation: amāvī (-ī, -istī, -it, -imus, -istis, -ērunt/-ēre) 2nd conjugation: vīdī; 3rd conjugation (-ō ...
The pluperfect (shortening of plusquamperfect), usually called past perfect in English, characterizes certain verb forms and grammatical tenses involving an action from an antecedent point in time. Examples in English are: "we had arrived" before the game began; "they had been writing" when the bell rang.
Semi-deponent verbs form their imperfective aspect tenses in the manner of ordinary active verbs; but their perfect tenses are built periphrastically like deponents and ordinary passives; thus, semi-deponent verbs have a perfect active participle instead of a perfect passive participle. An example: audeō, audēre, ausus sum – to dare, venture
Latin Example Meaning Comment 'indicative future perfect' dūcere coeperō: present in future 'I will be leading' 'indicative perfect' dūcere coepī: present in present 'I am leading' 'indicative pluperfect' dūcere coeperam: present in past 'I was leading' 'subjunctive perfect' dūcere coeperim-- 'whether I am leading' 'subjunctive pluperfect'
Latin is a heavily inflected language with largely free word order. Nouns are inflected for number and case; pronouns and adjectives (including participles) are inflected for number, case, and gender; and verbs are inflected for person, number, tense, aspect, voice, and mood.
Latin word order is relatively free. The verb may be found at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a sentence; an adjective may precede or follow its noun (vir bonus or bonus vir both mean 'a good man'); [5] and a genitive may precede or follow its noun ('the enemies' camp' can be both hostium castra and castra hostium; the latter is more common). [6]
The pluperfect subjunctive, ending in -(i)ssem, represents an event contrary to fact in the past. The same tense is usually used both in the protasis and the apodosis: sī Rōmae fuissem, tē vīdissem cōramque grātiās ēgissem (Cicero) [104] 'if I had been in Rome, I would have seen you and thanked you in person'
The Latin language has two forms of the pluperfect tense in passive and deponent verbs, one using the imperfect tense erat as an auxiliary, the other using the pluperfect tense fuerat. The latter usually has a discontinuous meaning, as in the following examples, which contain both types of pluperfect: