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G-code (abbreviation for geometric code; also called RS-274 [citation needed]) is the most widely used computer numerical control (CNC) and 3D printing programming language. It is used mainly in computer-aided manufacturing to control automated machine tools , as well as for 3D-printer slicer applications .
These machines have developed from the basic NC (NUMERIC CONTROL) machines. A computerized form of NC machines is known as CNC machines. A set of instructions (called a program) is used to guide the machine for desired operations. There are over 100 different G-codes and M-codes. [8] Some very commonly used codes, which are used in the program are:
(The term "Macro programming" in this sense is distinctly different from its more common use to refer to the action of programming a macro in G-code.) Fanuc controllers (and most others, because Fanuc compatibility is a de facto standard) support the following fixed cycles: Source: Smid 2008 [2] These are examples used on a mill.
The majority of G-code programs start with a percent (%) symbol on the first line, then followed by an "O" with a numerical name for the program (i.e. "O0001") on the second line, then another percent (%) symbol on the last line of the program. The format for a G-code is the letter G followed by two to three digits; for example G01.
The part program is a sequence of instruction that describe the work that is to be done to a part. Typically these instructions are generated in Computer-aided manufacturing software and are then fed into the computer numerical control (CNC) software on the machines, such as drills, lathes, mills, grinders, routers, that are performing work on the part.
The output from the CAM software is usually a simple text file of G-code/M-codes, sometimes many thousands of commands long, that is then transferred to a machine tool using a direct numerical control (DNC) program or in modern Controllers using a common USB Storage Device. CAM packages could not, and still cannot, reason as a machinist can.
Drilling and tapping operations are also possible on a 2.5-axis mill. 2.5D objects can be machined on a 3-axis milling machine, and do not require any of the features of a higher-axis machine to produce. CNC machines use G-code and M-code in order to control the machine and the positioning of the spindle.
On some controllers the G-code can be loaded as a vector file on the router control panel. A vector file can be created from a picture file by using a drawing (CAD) software. The human operator selects the machine tool (such as a 1 ⁄ 4 -inch (6-MM) v-bit or a 3 ⁄ 4 -inch core box bit), speed, cut depth and tool path.