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The functional classification of EFTs developed by Paruelo et al. (2001) [1] and Alcaraz-Segura et al. (2006, 2013) [2] [3] uses time series of spectral vegetation indexes to capture the carbon gains dynamics, the most integrative indicator of ecosystem functioning. [4]
An ecosystem (or ecological system) is a system formed by organisms in interaction with their environment. [2]: 458 The biotic and abiotic components are linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows.
Ecosystem ecology is philosophically and historically rooted in terrestrial ecology. The ecosystem concept has evolved rapidly during the last 100 years with important ideas developed by Frederic Clements, a botanist who argued for specific definitions of ecosystems and that physiological processes were responsible for their development and persistence. [2]
A marine coastal ecosystem is a marine ecosystem which occurs where the land meets the ocean. Worldwide there is about 620,000 kilometres (390,000 mi) of coastline. Coastal habitats extend to the margins of the continental shelves, occupying about 7 percent of the ocean surface area.
Mangroves are trees or shrubs that grow in low-oxygen soil near coastlines in tropical or subtropical latitudes. [8] They are an extremely productive and complex ecosystem that connects the land and sea.
After four years of relative anonymity, Trump's wardrobe sparked conversation again when she arrived at the state funeral for former U.S. President Jimmy Carter on January 9 wearing a black ...
This stream operating together with its environment can be thought of as forming a river ecosystem. River ecosystems are flowing waters that drain the landscape, and include the biotic (living) interactions amongst plants, animals and micro-organisms, as well as abiotic (nonliving) physical and chemical interactions of its many parts.
obligaciones de las partes que se derivan del contrato. […] 3. El Anexo de la presente Directiva contiene una lista indicativa y no exhaustiva de cláusulas que pueden ser declaradas abusivas.» 6. El artículo 4, apartado 1, de la Directiva 93/13 establece: «1. Sin perjuicio del artículo 7, el carácter abusivo de una cláusula contractual