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The framing effect is the tendency to draw different conclusions from the same information, depending on how that information is presented. Forms of the framing effect include: Contrast effect , the enhancement or reduction of a certain stimulus's perception when compared with a recently observed, contrasting object.
Information bias is a cognitive bias to seek information when it does not affect action. An example of information bias is believing that the more information that can be acquired to make a decision, the better, even if that extra information is irrelevant for the decision.
In the psychology of human behavior, denialism is a person's choice to deny reality as a way to avoid believing in a psychologically uncomfortable truth. [1] Denialism is an essentially irrational action that withholds the validation of a historical experience or event when a person refuses to accept an empirically verifiable reality.
The brain's limited information processing capacity [65] Noisy information processing (distortions during storage in and retrieval from memory). [66] For example, a 2012 Psychological Bulletin article suggests that at least eight seemingly unrelated biases can be produced by the same information-theoretic generative mechanism. [66]
The effectiveness of shilling relies on crowd psychology to encourage other onlookers or audience members to purchase the goods or services (or accept the ideas being marketed). Shilling is illegal in some places, but legal in others. [84] An example of shilling is paid reviews that give the impression of being autonomous opinions.
Information dissemination is an attack on privacy when information which was shared in confidence is shared or threatened to be shared in a way that harms the subject of the information. [176] There are various examples of this. [176]
In psychology, reactance is an unpleasant motivational reaction to offers, persons, rules, regulations, criticisms, advice, recommendations, information, nudges, and messages that are perceived to threaten or eliminate specific behavioral freedoms. Reactance occurs when an individual feels that an agent is attempting to limit one's choice of ...
Participation bias or non-response bias is a phenomenon in which the results of studies, polls, etc. become non-representative because the participants disproportionately possess certain traits which affect the outcome.