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For instance, Ca 2+ (mostly calcium phosphate and some calcium sulfate) is the most important (and specific) element of bone and calcified cartilage. In humans, the total body content of calcium is present mostly in the form of bone mineral (roughly 99%). In this state, it is largely unavailable for exchange/bioavailability.
Calcium signaling is the use of calcium ions (Ca 2+) to communicate and drive intracellular processes often as a step in signal transduction. Ca 2+ is important for cellular signalling , for once it enters the cytosol of the cytoplasm it exerts allosteric regulatory effects on many enzymes and proteins .
Calcium metabolism is the movement and regulation of calcium ions (Ca 2+) in (via the gut) and out (via the gut and kidneys) of the body, and between body compartments: the blood plasma, the extracellular and intracellular fluids, and bone.
Calcium-binding proteins can be either intracellular and extracellular. Those that are intracellular can contain or lack a structural EF-hand domain. Extracellular calcium-binding proteins are classified into six groups. [2] Since Ca (2+) is an important second messenger, it can act as an activator or inhibitor in gene transcription.
Besides the simple oxide CaO, calcium peroxide, CaO 2, can be made by direct oxidation of calcium metal under a high pressure of oxygen, and there is some evidence for a yellow superoxide Ca(O 2) 2. [16] Calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH) 2, is a strong base, though not as strong as the hydroxides of strontium, barium or the alkali metals. [17]
Principle of calcium encoding.A schematics of intracellular calcium signaling and its equivalent from a calcium encoding perspective.. Calcium encoding (also referred to as Ca 2+ encoding or calcium information processing) is an intracellular signaling pathway used by many cells to transfer, process and encode external information detected by the cell.
A calcium spark is the microscopic release of calcium (Ca 2+) from a store known as the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), located within muscle cells. [1] This release occurs through an ion channel within the membrane of the SR, known as a ryanodine receptor (RyR), which opens upon activation. [2]
When calcium ions (Ca 2+) are depleted from the endoplasmic reticulum (a major store of Ca 2+) of mammalian cells, the CRAC channel is activated to slowly replenish the level of calcium in the endoplasmic reticulum. The Ca 2+ Release-activated Ca 2+ (CRAC) Channel (CRAC-C) Family (TC# 1.A.52) is a member of the Cation Diffusion Facilitator (CDF ...