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Walter Rudin called it "the most important function in mathematics". [1] It is therefore useful to have multiple ways to define (or characterize) it. Each of the characterizations below may be more or less useful depending on context. The "product limit" characterization of the exponential function was discovered by Leonhard Euler. [2]
The graph always lies above the x-axis, but becomes arbitrarily close to it for large negative x; thus, the x-axis is a horizontal asymptote. The equation d d x e x = e x {\displaystyle {\tfrac {d}{dx}}e^{x}=e^{x}} means that the slope of the tangent to the graph at each point is equal to its height (its y -coordinate) at that point.
For example, instead of testing whether x equals 1.1, one might test whether (x <= 1.0), or (x < 1.1), either of which would be certain to exit after a finite number of iterations. Another way to fix this particular example would be to use an integer as a loop index , counting the number of iterations that have been performed.
[1] [3] For example, if a line is viewed as the set of all of its points, their infinite number (i.e., the cardinality of the line) is larger than the number of integers. [4] In this usage, infinity is a mathematical concept, and infinite mathematical objects can be studied, manipulated, and used just like any other mathematical object.
The distribution of X 1 + ⋯ + X n / √ n need not be approximately normal (in fact, it can be uniform). [38] However, the distribution of c 1 X 1 + ⋯ + c n X n is close to (,) (in the total variation distance) for most vectors (c 1, ..., c n) according to the uniform distribution on the sphere c 2 1 + ⋯ + c 2 n = 1.
The empty graph E 3 (red) admits a 1-coloring; the complete graph K 3 (blue) admits a 3-coloring; the other graphs admit a 2-coloring. Main article: Chromatic polynomial The chromatic polynomial counts the number of ways a graph can be colored using some of a given number of colors.