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Synostosis (from Ancient Greek συν- (syn-) 'together' and ὀστέον (ostéon) 'bone'; plural: synostoses) is fusion of two or more bones. It can be normal in puberty (e.g. fusion of the epiphyseal plate to become the epiphyseal line), or abnormal. When synostosis is abnormal it is a type of dysostosis. Examples of synostoses include:
Antley–Bixler syndrome presents itself at birth or prenatally. [2] Features of the disorder include brachycephaly (flat forehead), craniosynostosis (complete skull-joint closure) of both coronal and lambdoid sutures, facial hypoplasia (underdevelopment); bowed ulna (forearm bone) and femur (thigh bone), synostosis of the radius (forearm bone), humerus (upper arm bone) and trapezoid (hand ...
A synarthrosis is a type of joint which allows no movement under normal conditions. Sutures and gomphoses are both synarthroses. Joints which allow more movement are called amphiarthroses or diarthroses. Syndesmoses are considered to be amphiarthrotic, because they allow a small amount of movement. [1]
A syndesmosis (“fastened with a band”) is a type of fibrous joint in which two parallel bones are united to each other by fibrous connective tissue. The gap between the bones may be narrow, with the bones joined by ligaments , or the gap may be wide and filled in by a broad sheet of connective tissue called an interosseous membrane . [ 1 ]
The joint can be considered a synarthrosis. [13] The gomphosis is the only joint-type in which a bone does not join another bone, as teeth are not technically bone. In modern, more anatomical, joint classification, the gomphosis is simply considered a fibrous joint because the tissue linking the structures is ligamentous.
An interosseous membrane is a thick dense fibrous sheet of connective tissue that spans the space between two bones, forming a type of syndesmosis joint. [1] Interosseous membranes in the human body: Interosseous membrane of forearm; Interosseous membrane of leg
Metopic synostosis is a factor in 5% to 15% of cases, and lambdoid synostosis is seen in 0% to 5% of nonsyndromic cases. [ 3 ] Five to 15% of the time more than one suture is involved; this is referred to as "complex craniosynostosis" and is typically part of a syndrome.
Examples include craniofacial dysostosis, Klippel–Feil syndrome, and Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome. It is one of the two categories of constitutional disorders of bone (the other being osteochondrodysplasia). [2] When the disorder involves the joint between two bones, the term synostosis is often used.