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In macroeconomics, the guns versus butter model is an example of a simple production–possibility frontier. It demonstrates the relationship between a nation's investment in defense and civilian goods. The "guns or butter" model is used generally as a simplification of national spending as a part of GDP. This may be seen as an analogy for ...
The model was first presented by Oliver Williamson in his 1968 paper "Economies as an Antitrust Defense: The welfare tradeoffs" in the American Economic Review. [2] Williamson argued that ignoring efficiencies that may result from proposed mergers in antitrust law "fail[ed] to meet the basic test of economic rationality". [3]
As the debt equity ratio (i.e. leverage) increases, there is a trade-off between the interest tax shield and bankruptcy, causing an optimum capital structure, D/E*.The top curve shows the tax shield gains of debt financing, while the bottom curve includes that minus the costs of bankruptcy.
In economics a trade-off is expressed in terms of the opportunity cost of a particular choice, which is the loss of the most preferred alternative given up. [2] A tradeoff, then, involves a sacrifice that must be made to obtain a certain product, service, or experience, rather than others that could be made or obtained using the same required resources.
Managerial economics is a branch of economics involving the application of economic methods in the organizational decision-making process. [1] Economics is the study of the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
The purpose of calculating economic profits (and thus, opportunity costs) is to aid in better business decision-making through the inclusion of opportunity costs. In this way, a business can evaluate whether its decision and the allocation of its resources is cost-effective or not and whether resources should be reallocated. [15]
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For example diamonds are more valuable than rocks because diamonds are not as abundant. [2] These perceptions of scarcity can lead to irregular consumer behavior, such as systemic errors or cognitive bias. [3] [4] There are two social psychology principles that work with scarcity that increase its powerful force. One is social proof. This is a ...