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This (n 1 + ⋯ + n r) × (n 1 + ⋯ + n r) square matrix, consisting of r diagonal blocks, can be compactly indicated as ,, or (,, …,,), where the i-th Jordan block is J λ i,n i. For example, the matrix = [] is a 10 × 10 Jordan matrix with a 3 × 3 block with eigenvalue 0, two 2 × 2 blocks with eigenvalue the imaginary unit i, and a 3 × ...
Example of a matrix in Jordan normal form. All matrix entries not shown are zero. The outlined squares are known as "Jordan blocks". Each Jordan block contains one number λ i on its main diagonal, and 1s directly above the main diagonal. The λ i s are the eigenvalues of the matrix; they need not be distinct.
Let be a field, a finite-dimensional vector space over , and a linear operator over (equivalently, a matrix with entries from ).If the minimal polynomial of splits over (for example if is algebraically closed), then has a Jordan normal form =.
The Jordan normal form and the Jordan–Chevalley decomposition. Applicable to: square matrix A; Comment: the Jordan normal form generalizes the eigendecomposition to cases where there are repeated eigenvalues and cannot be diagonalized, the Jordan–Chevalley decomposition does this without choosing a basis.
The inscribed square problem, also known as the square peg problem or the Toeplitz' conjecture, is an unsolved question in geometry: Does every plane simple closed curve contain all four vertices of some square? This is true if the curve is convex or piecewise smooth and in other special cases. The problem was proposed by Otto Toeplitz in 1911. [1]
Using row operations to convert a matrix into reduced row echelon form is sometimes called Gauss–Jordan elimination. In this case, the term Gaussian elimination refers to the process until it has reached its upper triangular, or (unreduced) row echelon form. For computational reasons, when solving systems of linear equations, it is sometimes ...
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In mathematics, Jordan decomposition may refer to Hahn decomposition theorem, and the Jordan decomposition of a measure; Jordan normal form of a matrix; Jordan–Chevalley decomposition of a matrix; Deligne–Lusztig theory, and its Jordan decomposition of a character of a finite group of Lie type