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  2. Penitentiaries, Reformatories, and Chain Gangs - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penitentiaries...

    These groups, with their specific moral views, ended up defining the characteristics of reformatories. [6] The pervasive idea of what a good woman should be (Cult of True Womanhood) and the values of the middle class (bourgeois moral order) were connected. These ideas heavily influenced who got sent to reformatories and what kind of punishments ...

  3. Texas Germans - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Germans

    After the Civil War, reports indicate Black Texas German communities in every county of the German belt, also known as the Texas German Country, running from Houston to the Hills Region. [11] [12] For Black Texans, speaking Texas German was a means of social mimicry and protection. [10] Doris Williams, an African American in Bastrop County ...

  4. Adelsverein - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelsverein

    Logo of Verein zum Schutze Deutscher Einwanderer in Texas. The Mainzer Adelsverein at Biebrich am Rhein (Verein zum Schutze Deutscher Einwanderer in Texas; "Society for the Protection of German Immigrants in Texas"), better known as the Mainzer Adelsverein (German pronunciation: [ˈmaɪntsɐ ˈʔaːdl̩sfɛʁˌʔaɪn]; "Nobility Society of Mainz"), organized on April 20, 1842, was a colonial ...

  5. Ruiz v. Estelle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruiz_v._Estelle

    There followed a long period of further litigation in the form of consent decrees, appeals and other legal actions, until a final judgment was rendered in 1992. [1] But problems in enforcement continued, and in 1996 U.S. Congress enacted the Prison Litigation Reform Act (PLRA) to address these issues as well as abuse of the prison litigation process.

  6. History of United States prison systems - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_United_States...

    Support for these initiatives sprang from the influential prison reform organizations in the United States at the time—e.g., the Prison Reform Congress, the National Conference of Charities and Correction, the National Prison Congress, the Prison Association of New York, and the Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons.

  7. Texas Department of Criminal Justice - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of...

    The Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ) is a department of the government of the U.S. state of Texas.The TDCJ is responsible for statewide criminal justice for adult offenders, including managing offenders in state prisons, state jails, and private correctional facilities, funding and certain oversight of community supervision, and supervision of offenders released from prison on ...

  8. One family’s battle to be reunited with art looted by the Nazis

    www.aol.com/one-family-battle-reunited-art...

    The Nazis looted an estimated 100,000 cultural objects in France during the occupation. Here’s how one family fought to be reunited with their legacy — and in turn changed the law for others ...

  9. Texas Tough - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Tough

    Texas Tough: The Rise of America's Prison Empire is a 2010 book by Robert Perkinson, published by Metropolitan Books.. Perkinson, an American Studies professor at University of Hawaii at Manoa, [1] describes the criminal justice system in Texas and how it formed in the context of the post-United States Civil War environment. [2]