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Texas Germans (German: Texas-Deutsche) are descendants of Germans who settled in Texas since the 1830s. The arriving Germans tended to cluster in ethnic enclaves ; the majority settled in a broad, fragmented belt across the south-central part of the state, where many became farmers. [ 1 ]
Internment of German resident aliens and German-American citizens occurred in the United States during the periods of World War I and World War II. During World War II, the legal basis for this detention was under Presidential Proclamation 2526 , made by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt under the authority of the Alien Enemies Act .
Texas had about 20,000 German Americans in the 1850s. They did not form a uniform bloc, but were highly diverse and drew from geographic areas and all sectors of European society, except that very few aristocrats or upper middle class businessmen arrived. In this regard, Texas Germania was a microcosm of the Germania nationwide. The Germans who ...
This is a list of internment and concentration camps, organized by country.In general, a camp or group of camps is designated to the country whose government was responsible for the establishment and/or operation of the camp regardless of the camp's location, but this principle can be, or it can appear to be, departed from in such cases as where a country's borders or name has changed or it ...
Examples include: prisons (penitentiaries), institutions for rehabilitation (reformatories), and a system where prisoners were leased to private companies (convict lease). Various social pressures influenced these methods of punishment such as economic needs, influential power politics, and the cultural beliefs of the time. [ 6 ]
Support for these initiatives sprang from the influential prison reform organizations in the United States at the time—e.g., the Prison Reform Congress, the National Conference of Charities and Correction, the National Prison Congress, the Prison Association of New York, and the Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons.
In a news release announcing the groundbreaking for the prisons, Slattery called the new facilities “the future of American corrections.” Among the new Correctional Services Corp. prisons was the Pahokee Youth Development Center, which sat in the middle of sugarcane fields in a rural, swampy part of the state northwest of Miami.
6 Prison and sentencing reform. ... The following is a list of criminal justice reform organizations in the United States arranged by ... California Innocence Project;