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Elevated levels are also associated with diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease; it was found that elevated levels are associated with elevated serum C-reactive protein (CRP), which could reflect an inflammatory and atherogenic milieu, possibly an alternative cause for elevated serum alkaline phosphatase.
In contrast, low levels of ALP is found in hypothyroidism, pernicious anemia, zinc deficiency, and hypophosphatasia. [6] ALP activity is significantly increased in the third trimester of pregnancy. [11] This is due to increased synthesis from the placenta as well as increased synthesis in the liver induced by large amounts of estrogens.
The enzyme alkaline phosphatase (ALP, alkaline phenyl phosphatase) is a phosphatase with the physiological role of dephosphorylating compounds. The enzyme is found across a multitude of organisms, prokaryotes and eukaryotes alike, with the same general function, but in different structural forms suitable to the environment they function in. Alkaline phosphatase is found in the periplasmic ...
Rotor type hyperbilirubinemia is a distinct yet similar disorder to Dubin–Johnson syndrome [1] – both diseases cause an increase in conjugated bilirubin, but Rotor syndrome differs in that it is a result of impaired hepatocellular storage of conjugated bilirubin that leaks into plasma causing hyperbilirubinemia.
Alkaline phosphatase, placental type is a membrane-bound glycosylated dimeric enzyme, also referred to as the heat-stable form, that is expressed primarily in the placenta, although it is closely related to the intestinal form of the enzyme as well as to the placental-like form.
Alkaline phosphatase allows for mineralization of calcium and phosphorus by bones and teeth. [21] ALPL gene mutation leads to insufficient TNAP enzyme and allows for an accumulation of chemicals such as inorganic pyrophosphate [ 21 ] to indirectly cause elevated calcium levels in the body and lack of bone calcification.
Hyperbilirubinemia is a clinical condition describing an elevation of blood bilirubin level due to the inability to properly metabolise or excrete bilirubin, a product of erythrocytes breakdown. In severe cases, it is manifested as jaundice , the yellowing of tissues like skin and the sclera when excess bilirubin deposits in them. [ 1 ]
The magnitude of AST and ALT elevations vary depending on the cause of the increase, such as intensity of recent muscular exertion or type of hepatocellular injury. The following refer to the " upper reference limit " (URL), also known as the "upper limit of normal" (ULN), which depend on the source and are typically 40-50 U/L (0.67-0.83 μkal ...