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malathion) may be sold as technical material (TC - which is mostly AI, but also contains small quantities of, usually non-active, by-products of the manufacturing process; TGAC - "technical grade active constituent" means the same.).
In the US, it is the most commonly used organophosphate insecticide. [6] A malathion mixture with corn syrup was used in the 1980s in Australia and California to combat the Mediterranean fruit fly. [7] In Canada and the US starting in the early 2000s, malathion was sprayed in many cities to combat west Nile virus. [8]
The former is a precursor to malathion. In the Michalski reaction , a thiophosphate reacts with chlorine gas to give a diorganylphosphorylsulfenyl chloride: [ 5 ] (RO) 3 PS + Cl 2 → (RO) 2 P(O)SCl + RCl
The 2024 IRAC poster of insecticide modes of action includes the majority of chemicals listed below. [5] The pesticide manual provides much information on pesticides. [6] [7] Many of the insecticides in the list are not in use.
Toxicity labels [1] viz; red label, yellow label, blue label and green label are mandatory labels employed on pesticide containers in India identifying the level of toxicity (that is, the toxicity class) of the contained pesticide. [1] [2] [3] The schemes follows from the Insecticides Act of 1968 [1] and the Insecticides Rules of 1971.
Dinitro-ortho-cresol (DNOC) is an organic compound with the structural formula CH 3 C 6 H 2 (NO 2) 2 OH. It is a yellow solid that is only slightly soluble in water. It is extremely toxic to humans and was previously used as a herbicide and insecticide.
Fenitrothion at sublethal doses affected the motor movement of marsupials, [6] and at acute dose levels it reduced the energy of birds. [7]In chronic (low) dose tests, unexpectedly only the lowest concentration (0.011 microgram/liter) of fenitrothion depressed the growth of an algae, though all of the chronic dose levels used were toxic in other ways to the algae.
Diazinon is a contact insecticide which kills insects by altering normal neurotransmission within the nervous system of the insect. As mentioned above, diazinon inhibits the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which hydrolyzes the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) in cholinergic synapses and neuromuscular junctions .