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A Toltec-style clay vessel (American Museum of Natural History).The Toltec culture (/ ˈ t ɒ l t ɛ k /) was a pre-Columbian Mesoamerican culture that ruled a state centered in Tula, Hidalgo, Mexico, during the Epiclassic and the early Post-Classic period of Mesoamerican chronology, reaching prominence from 950 to 1150 CE. [1]
The Valley of Mexico attracted prehistoric humans because the region was rich in biodiversity and had the capacity of growing substantial crops. [4] Generally speaking, humans in Mesoamerica, including central Mexico, began to leave a hunter-gatherer existence in favor of agriculture sometime between the end of the Pleistocene epoch and the beginning of the Holocene. [11]
After a series of brutal battles at the villages of Nextalpan and Texcalapan, in which both sides took and sacrificed numerous prisoners, the Toltecs were defeated in 1116. [5] After this defeat, Huemac, the priest-king of Tollan, abandoned the city along with other Toltecs [24] and headed south, to the city of Xaltocan, in the Valley of Mexico ...
The inhabitants of Tula were called Toltecs, but that term was later broadened to mean an urban person, artisan or skilled worker. This was due to the high respect in which the indigenous peoples in the Valley of Mexico held the ancient civilization before the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire. [2] [3]
Culhuacan (Classical Nahuatl: Cōlhuàcān [koːlˈwaʔkaːn]) was one of the Nahuatl-speaking pre-Columbian city-states of the Valley of Mexico.According to tradition, Culhuacan was founded by the Toltecs under Mixcoatl and was the first Toltec city. [1]
After the decline of the Toltecs, about 1200 CE, various Nahua-speaking nomadic peoples entered the Valley of Mexico, possibly all from Aztlan, whose location is unknown. [12] The Mexica were the last group to arrive. [13] There they "encountered the remnants of the Toltec empire (Hicks 2008; Weaver 1972)."
The people who built the mounds at Plum Bayou Mounds had a culture distinct from other contemporary Native American groups in the Mississippi Valley. Plum Bayou sites are found throughout the White River and Arkansas River floodplains of central and eastern Arkansas , but are also found as far west as the eastern Ozark Mountains .
The Toltecs conquered nearby peoples and then were paid tribute at Tula. [13] Similar to the Toltecs, the Aztecs utilized tribute-towns to pay maize and other goods to Tenochtitlan. [ 14 ] Toltecayotl , which translates in Nahuatl to "to have a Toltec heart", was a term that indicated greatness, displaying the Aztecs' reverence of the Toltecs.