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Three-state buffers can also be used to implement efficient multiplexers, especially those with large numbers of inputs. [1] Three-state buffers are essential to the operation of a shared electronic bus. Three-state logic can reduce the number of wires needed to drive a set of LEDs (tri-state multiplexing or Charlieplexing).
The logic of here and there (HT, also referred as Smetanov logic SmT or as Gödel G3 logic), introduced by Heyting in 1930 [21] as a model for studying intuitionistic logic, is a three-valued intermediate logic where the third truth value NF (not false) has the semantics of a proposition that can be intuitionistically proven to not be false ...
New states paradox: Adding a new state or voting block might increase the number of votes of another. Population paradox : A fast-growing state can lose votes to a slow-growing state. Arrow's paradox : Given more than two choices, no system can have all the attributes of an ideal voting system at once.
In logic, the law of identity states that each thing is identical with itself. It is the first of the traditional three laws of thought, along with the law of noncontradiction, and the law of excluded middle. However, few systems of logic are built on just these laws.
More recently, the last two of the three expressions have been used in connection with the classical propositional logic and with the so-called protothetic or quantified propositional logic; in both cases the law of non-contradiction involves the negation of the conjunction ("and") of something with its own negation, ¬(A∧¬A), and the law of ...
[18] [19] [3] For example, the sentence "The water is boiling." expresses a proposition since it can be true or false. The sentences "Is the water boiling?" or "Boil the water!", on the other hand, express no propositions since they are neither true nor false. [20] [3] The propositions used as the starting point of logical reasoning are called ...
The situation calculus is a logic formalism designed for representing and reasoning about dynamical domains. It was first introduced by John McCarthy in 1963. [1] The main version of the situational calculus that is presented in this article is based on that introduced by Ray Reiter in 1991.
analethic logic A three-valued logic where the third truth value is the truth-value gap "neither true nor false" ("N"), and the designated values are "true" and "neither true nor false." [10] analysis 1. Analysis, the process of breaking a concept down into more simple parts, so that its logical structure is displayed. 2. Mathematical analysis