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The Bridgman method is a popular way of producing certain semiconductor crystals such as gallium arsenide, for which the Czochralski method is more difficult. The process can reliably produce single-crystal ingots, but does not necessarily result in uniform properties through the crystal.
Crystallization of gallium from the melt. Elemental gallium is not found in nature, but it is easily obtained by smelting. Very pure gallium is a silvery blue metal that fractures conchoidally like glass. Gallium's volume expands by 3.10% when it changes from a liquid to a solid so care must be taken when storing it in containers that may ...
A gallium trioxide crystal. Gallium reacts with the chalcogens only at relatively high temperatures. At room temperature, gallium metal is not reactive with air and water because it forms a passive, protective oxide layer. At higher temperatures, however, it reacts with atmospheric oxygen to form gallium(III) oxide, Ga 2 O 3. [4] Reducing Ga 2 O
The dihalides are unstable in the presence of water disproportionating to gallium metal and gallium(III) entities. They are soluble in aromatic solvents, where arene complexes have been isolated and the arene is η 6 coordinated to the Ga + ion. With some ligands, L, e.g. dioxane, a neutral complex, Ga 2 X 2 L 2, with a gallium-gallium bond is ...
Hydrothermal synthesis can be defined as a method of synthesis of single crystals that depends on the solubility of minerals in hot water under high pressure. The crystal growth is performed in an apparatus consisting of a steel pressure vessel called an autoclave, in which a nutrient is supplied along with water. A temperature gradient is ...
Also, it is formed on heating gallium in air or by thermally decomposing gallium nitrate at 200–250 °C. Crystalline Ga 2 O 3 can occur in five polymorphs, α, β, γ, δ, and ε. Of these polymorphs β-Ga 2 O 3 is the most thermodynamically stable phase at standard temperature and pressure [ 14 ] while α-Ga 2 O 3 is the most stable ...
A crystal grown from gallium flux, with flux attached to the surface. After crystallization, often some solidified flux remains on the surface or inside the desired crystal. This flux may cause defects in the crystal due to the different thermal expansivities of the flux and crystal. [4]
A pumping device (a pump or an axial flow mixer) keeps the crystal slurry in homogeneous suspension throughout the tank, including the exchange surfaces; by controlling pump flow, control of the contact time of the crystal mass with the supersaturated solution is achieved, together with reasonable velocities at the exchange surfaces. The Oslo ...