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Cephalic disorders (from Greek κεφαλή 'head') are congenital conditions that stem from damage to, or abnormal development of, the budding nervous system.. Cephalic disorders are not necessarily caused by a single factor, but may be influenced by hereditary or genetic conditions, nutritional deficiencies, or by environmental exposures during pregnancy, such as medication taken by the ...
The disorder is caused by a disruption to the genetic processes that form the brain early in pregnancy, [3] though the cause is not identified in most cases. [4] Many genetic syndromes can result in microcephaly, including chromosomal and single-gene conditions, though almost always in combination with other symptoms.
Otocephaly, also known as agnathia–otocephaly complex, is a very rare and lethal cephalic disorder characterized by the absence of the mandible (), with the ears fused together just below the chin (synotia).
Colpocephaly is a cephalic disorder involving the disproportionate enlargement of the occipital horns of the lateral ventricles and is usually diagnosed early after birth due to seizures. It is a nonspecific finding and is associated with multiple neurological syndromes , including agenesis of the corpus callosum , Chiari malformation ...
Anencephaly is the absence of a major portion of the brain, skull, and scalp that occurs during embryonic development. [1] It is a cephalic disorder that results from a neural tube defect that occurs when the rostral (head) end of the neural tube fails to close, usually between the 23rd and 26th day following conception. [2]
Lissencephaly (/ ˌ l ɪ s. ɛ n ˈ s ɛ f. ə l. i /, meaning 'smooth brain') [1] is a set of rare brain disorders whereby the whole or parts of the surface of the brain appear smooth. [2] It is caused by defective neuronal migration during the 12th to 24th weeks of gestation , resulting in a lack of development of brain folds ( gyri ) and ...
Hydranencephaly [3] is a type of cephalic disorder. These disorders are congenital conditions that derive from damage to, or abnormal development of, the fetal nervous system in the earliest stages of development in utero. These conditions do not have any definitive identifiable cause factor.
Macrocephaly is a condition in which circumference of the human head is abnormally large. [1] It may be pathological or harmless, and can be a familial genetic characteristic. . People diagnosed with macrocephaly will receive further medical tests to determine whether the syndrome is accompanied by particular disorde