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In a scientific study, post hoc analysis (from Latin post hoc, "after this") consists of statistical analyses that were specified after the data were seen. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] They are usually used to uncover specific differences between three or more group means when an analysis of variance (ANOVA) test is significant. [ 3 ]
Henry Scheffé's simultaneous test of all contrasts in multiple comparison problems is the most [citation needed] well-known remedy in the case of analysis of variance. [1] It is a method designed for testing hypotheses suggested by the data while avoiding the fallacy described above.
This procedure is often used as a post-hoc test whenever a significant difference between three or more sample means has been revealed by an analysis of variance (ANOVA). [1] The Newman–Keuls method is similar to Tukey's range test as both procedures use studentized range statistics .
Not all statistical packages support post-hoc analysis for Friedman's test, but user-contributed code exists that provides these facilities (for example in SPSS, [10] and in R. [11]). The R package titled PMCMRplus contains numerous non-parametric methods for post-hoc analysis after Friedman, [12] including support for the Nemenyi test.
Rodger's method is a statistical procedure for examining research data post hoc following an 'omnibus' analysis (e.g., after an analysis of variance – anova). The various components of this methodology were fully worked out by R. S. Rodger in the 1960s and 70s, and seven of his articles about it were published in the British Journal of ...
The new multiple range test proposed by Duncan makes use of special protection levels based upon degrees of freedom.Let , = be the protection level for testing the significance of a difference between two means; that is, the probability that a significant difference between two means will not be found if the population means are equal.
This q s test statistic can then be compared to a q value for the chosen significance level α from a table of the studentized range distribution. If the q s value is larger than the critical value q α obtained from the distribution, the two means are said to be significantly different at level α : 0 ≤ α ≤ 1 . {\displaystyle \ \alpha ...
Post hoc (sometimes written as post-hoc) is a Latin phrase, meaning "after this" or "after the event". Post hoc may refer to: Post hoc analysis or post hoc test, statistical analyses that were not specified before the data were seen; Post hoc theorizing, generating hypotheses based on data already observed