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The chemistry of scandium is almost completely dominated by the trivalent ion, Sc 3+, due to its electron configuration, [Ar] 3d 1 4s 2. The radii of M 3+ ions in the table below indicate that the chemical properties of scandium ions have more in common with yttrium ions than with aluminium ions. In part because of this similarity, scandium is ...
However there are numerous exceptions; for example the lightest exception is chromium, which would be predicted to have the configuration 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 4 4s 2, written as [Ar] 3d 4 4s 2, but whose actual configuration given in the table below is [Ar] 3d 5 4s 1.
[14] [15] Scandium also has five nuclear isomers: the most stable of these is 44m2 Sc (t 1/2 = 58.6 h). [ 16 ] The primary decay mode of ground-state scandium isotopes at masses lower than the only stable isotope, 45 Sc, is electron capture (or positron emission ), but the lightest isotopes ( 37 Sc to 39 Sc) undergo proton emission instead, all ...
In gaseous atoms, the d-shells complete their filling at copper (3d 10 4s 1), palladium (4d 10 5s 0), and gold (5d 10 6s 1), but it is universally accepted by chemists that these configurations are exceptional and that the d-block really ends in accordance with the Madelung rule at zinc (3d 10 4s 2), cadmium (4d 10 5s 2), and mercury (5d 10 6s ...
An alternative preparation procedure is to exposure Es(III) oxide to chlorine trifluoride (ClF 3) or F 2 gas at a pressure of 1–2 atmospheres and temperature 300–400°C. The EsF 3 crystal structure is hexagonal, as in californium(III) fluoride (CfF 3 ) where the Es 3+ ions are 8-fold coordinated by fluorine ions in a bicapped trigonal prism ...
Atomic number (Z): 21: Group: group 3: Period: period 4: Block d-block Electron configuration [] 3d 1 4sElectrons per shell: 2, 8, 9, 2: Physical properties; Phase at ...
This element also has 13 meta states with the most stable being 44m2 Sc (t 1/2 58.6 h). The isotopes of scandium range from 37 Sc to 62 Sc. The primary decay mode at masses lower than the only stable isotope, 45 Sc, is beta-plus or electron capture , and the primary mode at masses above it is beta-minus.
Element Negative states Positive states Group Notes −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Z; 1 hydrogen: H −1 +1: 1 2 helium: He 0 18