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In three-state logic, an output device can be in one of three possible states: 0, 1, or Z, with the last meaning high impedance. This is not a voltage or logic level, but means that the output is not controlling the state of the connected circuit.
In digital electronics, a level shifter, also called level converter or logic level shifter, or voltage level translator, is a circuit used to translate signals from one logic level or voltage domain to another, allowing compatibility between integrated circuits with different voltage requirements, such as TTL and CMOS.
Three-state buffers can also be used to implement efficient multiplexers, especially those with large numbers of inputs. [1] Three-state buffers are essential to the operation of a shared electronic bus. Three-state logic can reduce the number of wires needed to drive a set of LEDs (tri-state multiplexing or Charlieplexing).
A three-state logic gate is a type of logic gate that can have three different outputs: high (H), low (L) and high-impedance (Z). The high-impedance state plays no role in the logic, which is strictly binary. These devices are used on buses of the CPU to allow multiple chips to send data.
A Charlieplexed digital clock which controls 90 LEDs with 10 pins of a PIC 16C54 microcontroller.. Charlieplexing (also known as tristate multiplexing, reduced pin-count LED multiplexing, complementary LED drive and crossplexing) is a technique for accessing a large number of LEDs, switches, micro-capacitors or other I/O entities, using relatively few tri-state logic wires from a microcontroller.
The resistor R 3 does not increase the output resistance since it is connected in the V 3 collector and its influence is compensated by the negative feedback. A disadvantage of the "totem-pole" output stage is the decreased voltage level (no more than 3.5 V) of the output logical "1" (even if the output is unloaded).
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The IEEE 1164 standard (Multivalue Logic System for VHDL Model Interoperability) is a technical standard published by the IEEE in 1993.It describes the definitions of logic values to be used in electronic design automation, for the VHDL hardware description language. [2]