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Glomerulations appear as checkerboard/lattice patterns, splotches, or pinpoint-sized red marks on the bladder. [7] [8] Glomerulations are classified into five grades that take into consideration the type and location of injury: Grade 0 (normal mucosa), Grade I (petechiae in at least two quadrants), Grade II (large submucosal bleeding), Grade III (diffuse global submucosal bleeding), and Grade ...
Endoscopy may be used to investigate symptoms in the digestive system including nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, difficulty swallowing, and gastrointestinal bleeding. [6] It is also used in diagnosis, most commonly by performing a biopsy to check for conditions such as anemia, bleeding, inflammation, and cancers of the digestive system. [6]
A diagnosis of IC/BPS would be confirmed with a hydrodistention during cystoscopy with biopsy. [36] They also propose a ranking system based upon the physical findings in the bladder. [13] People would receive a numeric and letter based score based upon the severity of their disease as found during the hydrodistention.
Eosinophilic cystitis is a rare type of interstitial cystitis first reported in 1960 by Edwin Brown. [1] Eosinophilic cystitis has been linked to a number of etiological factors, including allergies, bladder tumors, trauma to the bladder, parasitic infections, and chemotherapy drugs, though the exact cause of the condition is still unknown.
Hematuria can be classified according to visibility, anatomical origin, and timing of blood during urination. [1] [6]In terms of visibility, hematuria can be visible to the naked eye (termed "gross hematuria") and may appear red or brown (sometimes referred to as tea-colored), or it can be microscopic (i.e. not visible but detected with a microscope or laboratory test).
Cystoscopy has similar indications in animals, including visualisation and biopsy of mucosa, retrieval or destruction of urinary bladder stones and diagnosis of ectopic ureters. [9] [10] [11] In turtle and tortoises, cystoscopy has additional value as it permits the visualisation of internal organs due to the thin urinary bladder wall. [12]
Transitional cell carcinoma is a type of cancer that arises from the transitional epithelium, a tissue lining the inner surface of these hollow organs. [1] It typically occurs in the urothelium of the urinary system; in that case, it is also called urothelial carcinoma.
Because a pyelogram involves cystoscopy, it may cause sepsis, infection or bleeding, [13] and may also cause nausea and vomiting. [13] The dye may also be toxic to the kidneys. [13] Before the procedure, a person is usually asked to complete a safety check assessing for potential risks, such as pregnancy or allergy. [13]