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In economics and accounting, the cost of capital is the cost of a company's funds (both debt and equity), or from an investor's point of view is "the required rate of return on a portfolio company's existing securities". [1] It is used to evaluate new projects of a company.
With the European Commission according to its data bank "AMECO" (Annual Macro-Economic Data) the marginal efficiency of capital is defined as "Change in GDP at constant market prices of year T per unit of gross fixed capital formation at constant prices of year T-.5 [that is, lagged by half a year]. [2]
Within personal finance, money used to purchase stocks, put in an investment fund or used to buy any asset where there is an element of capital risk is deemed an investment. This distinction is important as the investment risk can cause a capital loss when an investment is realized, unlike cash saving(s). Cash savings accounts are considered to ...
Overall costs of capital projects are known to be subject to economies of scale. A crude estimate is that if the capital cost for a given sized piece of equipment is known, changing the size will change the capital cost by the 0.6 power of the capacity ratio (the point six to the power rule). [16] [d]
In a later book, Essays in the theory of Economic Growth, [2] [3] she tried to lower the degree of abstraction. Robinson presented her growth model in verbal terms. A mathematical formalization was later provided by Kenneth K. Kurihara. Assumptions: [4] There is a laissez-faire closed economy. The factors of production are capital and labour only.
The system of imperialism produced economic conditions particularly amenable to the movement of capital according to the assumptions of classical economics. Britain, for instance, was able to design, impose, and control the quality of institutions in its colonies to capitalize on the high returns to capital in the new world.
buying constant capital inputs at a lower cost. an increase in the rate of exploitation and productivity of labour power (including the intensity of work). a reduction of the turnover-time of constant capital inputs. the reduction of salaries and labour costs paid. a pool of abundant cheap labor, at home or abroad.
In economics, average cost (AC) or unit cost is equal to total cost (TC) divided by the number of units of a good produced (the output Q): A C = T C Q . {\displaystyle AC={\frac {TC}{Q}}.} Average cost is an important factor in determining how businesses will choose to price their products.