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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may develop following exposure to an extremely threatening or horrific event.It is characterized by several of the following signs or symptoms: unwanted re-experiencing of the traumatic event—such as vivid, intense, and emotion-laden intrusive memories—dissociative flashback episodes, or nightmares; active avoidance of thoughts, memories, or reminders ...
As a result, this can lead to inefficiencies and increased costs within healthcare and mental health systems. [18] This can increase expenses and impact the availability and quality of mental health services. Malingering can complicate legal cases and insurance claims, which leads to higher litigation costs and delays in settlements. [19]
Military personnel serving in combat zones were 12.1 percentage points more likely to receive a PTSD diagnosis than their active-duty counterparts in non-combat zones. Those serving more than 12 months in a combat zone were 14.3 percentage points more likely to be diagnosed with PTSD than those having served less than one year. [265]
Evidence-based, trauma-focused psychotherapy is the first-line treatment for PTSD. [8] [9] [6] Psychotherapy is defined as a treatment where a therapist and patient build a therapeutic relationship and focus on the patient's thoughts, attitudes, affect, behavior, and social development to lessen the patient's psychopathologies and functional impairment.
A typical 12-session run of CPT has proven effective in treating PTSD across a variety of populations, including combat veterans, [3] [4] [5] sexual assault victims, [6] [7] [8] and refugees. [9] CPT can be provided in individual and group treatment formats and is considered one of the most effective treatments for PTSD. [10] [11]
Complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD, cPTSD, or hyphenated C-PTSD) is a stress-related mental and behavioral disorder generally occurring in response to complex traumas [1] (i.e., commonly prolonged or repetitive exposures to a series of traumatic events, from which one sees little or no chance to escape).
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