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Electron tomography (ET) is a tomography technique for obtaining detailed 3D structures [1] of sub-cellular, macro-molecular, or materials specimens. Electron tomography is an extension of traditional transmission electron microscopy and uses a transmission electron microscope to collect the data.
Mitochondrial matrix has a pH of about 7.8, which is higher than the pH of the intermembrane space of the mitochondria, which is around 7.0–7.4. [5] Mitochondrial DNA was discovered by Nash and Margit in 1963. One to many double stranded mainly circular DNA is present in mitochondrial matrix. Mitochondrial DNA is 1% of total DNA of a cell.
NADH is oxidized into NAD +, H + ions, and electrons by an enzyme. FADH 2 is also oxidized into H + ions, electrons, and FAD.As those electrons travel farther through the electron transport chain in the inner membrane, energy is gradually released and used to pump the hydrogen ions from the splitting of NADH and FADH 2 into the space between the inner membrane and the outer membrane (called ...
Mitochondrial replication is controlled by nuclear genes and is specifically suited to make as many mitochondria as that particular cell needs at the time. Mitochondrial transcription in humans is initiated from three promoters, H1, H2, and L (heavy strand 1, heavy strand 2, and light strand promoters). The H2 promoter transcribes almost the ...
In contrast to other electron tomography techniques, samples are imaged under cryogenic conditions (< −150 °C). For cellular material, the structure is immobilized in non-crystalline, vitreous ice , allowing them to be imaged without dehydration or chemical fixation , which would otherwise disrupt or distort biological structures.
Out of the cytoplasm it goes into the Krebs cycle with the acetyl CoA. It then mixes with CO 2 and makes 2 ATP, NADH, and FADH. From there the NADH and FADH go into the NADH reductase, which produces the enzyme. The NADH pulls the enzyme's electrons to send through the electron transport chain. The electron transport chain pulls H + ions ...
In S. cerevisiae mitochondria, phosphatidylcholine makes up 38.4% of the IMM, phosphatidylethanolamine makes up 24.0%, phosphatidylinositol 16.2%, cardiolipin 16.1%, phosphatidylserine 3.8%, and phosphatidic acid 1.5%. [6] In the inner mitochondrial membrane, the protein-to-lipid ratio is 80:20, in contrast to the outer membrane, which is 50:50 ...
The glycerol phosphate shuttle was first characterized as a major route of mitochondrial hydride transport in the flight muscles of blow flies. [5] [6] It was initially believed that the system would be inactive in mammals due to the predominance of lactate dehydrogenase activity over glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 (GPD1) [5] [7] until high GPD1 and GPD2 activity were demonstrated in ...