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The Karachi Interbank Offered Rate (KIBOR) is a daily reference rate based on the interest rates at which banks offer to lend unsecured funds to other banks in the Karachi wholesale (or "interbank") money market. [1] The banks used it as a benchmark in their lending to corporate sector. [2]
Time value of money problems involve the net value of cash flows at different points in time. In a typical case, the variables might be: a balance (the real or nominal value of a debt or a financial asset in terms of monetary units), a periodic rate of interest, the number of periods, and a series of cash flows. (In the case of a debt, cas
NPV is determined by calculating the costs (negative cash flows) and benefits (positive cash flows) for each period of an investment. After the cash flow for each period is calculated, the present value (PV) of each one is achieved by discounting its future value (see Formula) at a periodic rate of return (the rate of return dictated by the ...
Equivalently C is the periodic loan repayment for a loan of PV extending over n periods at interest rate, i. The formula is valid (for positive n, i) for ni≤3. For completeness, for ni≥3 the approximation is . The formula can, under some circumstances, reduce the calculation to one of mental arithmetic alone.
Future value is the value of an asset at a specific date. [1] It measures the nominal future sum of money that a given sum of money is "worth" at a specified time in the future assuming a certain interest rate, or more generally, rate of return; it is the present value multiplied by the accumulation function. [2]
The interest rate on the security or loan-type agreement, e.g., 5.25%. In the formulas this would be expressed as 0.0525. Date1 (Y1.M1.D1) Starting date for the accrual. It is usually the coupon payment date preceding Date2. Date2 (Y2.M2.D2) Date through which interest is being accrued. You could word this as the "to" date, with Date1 as the ...
The return, or the holding period return, can be calculated over a single period.The single period may last any length of time. The overall period may, however, instead be divided into contiguous subperiods. This means that there is more than one time period, each sub-period beginning at the point in time where the previous one ended. In such a case, where there are
The formula above can be used for more than calculating the doubling time. If one wants to know the tripling time, for example, replace the constant 2 in the numerator with 3. As another example, if one wants to know the number of periods it takes for the initial value to rise by 50%, replace the constant 2 with 1.5.