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The Evolution of Cooperation is a 1984 book written by political scientist Robert Axelrod [1] that expands upon a paper of the same name written by Axelrod and evolutionary biologist W.D. Hamilton. [2]
In evolution, cooperation is the process where groups of organisms work or act together for common or mutual benefits. It is commonly defined as any adaptation that has evolved, at least in part, to increase the reproductive success of the actor's social partners. [ 1 ]
Direct reciprocity was proposed by Robert Trivers as a mechanism for the evolution of cooperation. [1] If there are repeated encounters between the same two players in an evolutionary game in which each of them can choose either to "cooperate" or "defect", then a strategy of mutual cooperation may be favoured even if it pays each player, in the short term, to defect when the other cooperates.
In 2006, he suggested that cooperation was a third fundamental principle of evolution beside mutation and selection. [44] In 2007, he proposed prelife - a theory for the origin of life. [45] In 2008 and 2009 he suggested that positive interaction, but not punishment, promotes evolution of cooperation. [46]
As for the evolution of cooperation, evidence from cooperative pulling experiments provides support for the theory that cooperation evolved multiple times independently. The fact that basic characteristics of cooperation are present in some mammals and some birds points to a case of convergent evolution.
This, and particularly its application to human society and politics, is the subject of Robert Axelrod's book The Evolution of Cooperation. Moreover, the tit-for-tat strategy has been of beneficial use to social psychologists and sociologists in studying effective techniques to reduce conflict.
The Evolution of Cooperation The Complexity of Cooperation , by Robert Axelrod , is the sequel to The Evolution of Cooperation . It is a compendium of seven articles that previously appeared in journals on a variety of subjects.
Henrich's research areas include cultural learning, the evolution of cooperation, social stratification, prestige, technological change, economic decision-making, and the evolution of monogamous marriage and religion. Early in his career, Henrich led teams of anthropologists and economists in conducting behavioral experiments to test the ...