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History (derived from Ancient Greek ἱστορία (historía) 'inquiry; knowledge acquired by investigation') [1] is the systematic study and documentation of the human past. [2] [3] History is an academic discipline which uses a narrative to describe, examine, question, and analyse past events, and investigate their patterns of cause and effect.
In the study of history as an academic discipline, a "primary source" (also called an "original source") is a first hand account of events by someone who lived through them. "Primary sources were made during the historical period that is being investigated."
World history or global history as a field of historical study examines history from a global perspective. It emerged centuries ago; some leading practitioners are Voltaire (1694–1778), Hegel (1770–1831), Karl Marx (1818–1883), Oswald Spengler (1880–1936), and Arnold J. Toynbee (1889–1975). The field became much more active (in terms ...
Military history – study of warfare and wars in history; Naval history – branch of military history devoted to warfare at sea or in bodies of water; Paleography – study of ancient texts; Philosophy of history – philosophical study of history and its discipline. Political history – study of past political events, ideas, movements, and ...
The Allegory On the Writing of History shows Truth (top) watching the historian write history, while advised by Wisdom.(Jacob de Wit,1754)Historiography is the study of the methods used by historians in developing history as an academic discipline, and by extension, the term historiography is any body of historical work on a particular subject.
Tinbergen's four questions, named after the ethologist Nikolaas Tinbergen and based on Aristotle's four causes, are complementary categories of explanations for animal behaviour. They are also commonly referred to as levels of analysis. The four questions are on: [52] [53] function, what an adaptation does that is selected for in evolution;
Ranke established history as a professional academic discipline in Germany. The modern academic study of history and methods of historiography were pioneered in 19th-century German universities. Leopold von Ranke was a pivotal influence in this regard, and is considered as the founder of modern source-based history. [51] [52] [53] [54]
A key concept for the study of history and public life in most societies regardless of topic, historical significance makes judgements about what is important to be remembered about the past and why, through its reflections on historical aspects to contemporary culture and society [14] including historical reputations, events, issues, [15] monuments, [16] and what is chosen to be emphasized in ...