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  2. Upward communication - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upward_communication

    Upward communication is the process of information flowing from the lower levels of a hierarchy to the upper levels. This type of communication is becoming more popular in organizations as traditional forms of communication are becoming less popular. The more traditional organization types such as a hierarchy, places people into separate ranks.

  3. Likert's management systems - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likert's_management_systems

    Communication in this system flows both downward and upward, though upward is more limited. This promotes a more positive effect on employee relationships and allows for more cooperation. As a result, upper-level managers make company decisions with consideration for input from subordinates. [ 4 ]

  4. Superior-subordinate communication - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior-subordinate...

    In an organization, communication occurs between members of different hierarchical positions. Superior-subordinate communication refers to the interactions between organizational leaders and their subordinates and how they work together to achieve personal and organizational goals [1] Satisfactory upward and downward communication is essential for a successful organization because it closes ...

  5. The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_7_Habits_of_Highly...

    Covey explains the "upward spiral" model. Through conscience, along with meaningful and consistent progress, an upward spiral will result in growth, change, and constant improvement. In essence, one is always attempting to integrate and master the principles outlined in The 7 Habits at progressively higher levels at each iteration. Subsequent ...

  6. Organizational communication - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_communication

    The field traces its lineage through business information, business communication, and early mass communication studies published in the 1930s through the 1950s. Until then, organizational communication as a discipline consisted of a few professors within speech departments who had a particular interest in speaking and writing in business settings.

  7. Peter principle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_principle

    The cover of The Peter Principle (1970 Pan Books edition). The Peter principle is a concept in management developed by Laurence J. Peter which observes that people in a hierarchy tend to rise to "a level of respective incompetence": employees are promoted based on their success in previous jobs until they reach a level at which they are no longer competent, as skills in one job do not ...

  8. Models of communication - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Models_of_communication

    The upward widening movement of the helix represents a form of optimism by seeing communication as a means of growth, learning, and improvement. [ 162 ] [ 163 ] The basic idea behind Dance's helical model of communication is also found in education theory in the spiral approach proposed by Jerome Bruner . [ 164 ]

  9. Knowledge gap hypothesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_gap_hypothesis

    As originally proposed in 1970 by three University of Minnesota researchers, Phillip J. Tichenor, Associate Professor of Journalism and Mass Communication, George A. Donohue, Professor of Sociology, and Clarice N. Olien, Instructor in Sociology, the hypothesis predicts that "as the infusion of mass media information into a social system increases, segments of the population with higher ...